Rosenhan 1973 Classical

Question 1

Rosenhan 1973

aim

Answer 1

Can psychiatric testing accurately tell normal from abnormal psychiatric States

To highlight the negative effects of diagnosis as abnormal and institutionalized

Normal behaviour is defined as being distinct from abnormality that competent practitioners can readily recognize it

Question 2

Rosenhan 1973

Sample

Answer 2

8 participants 5m 3f aged 20-70 (was 9 but 1 breached protocall and was excluded) including Rosenhan (who was the only one that an hospital knew was coming (the otger 7 didnt know abt the study))

Five of these people had previously worked or engaged with either psychology or psychiatry

Four of the remaining eight participants the first round of hospitals went on to go to the other four hospitals

12 hospitals on the east and west coast of the United States of America one of which was privately funded and some were Shabby quality

Question 3

Rosenhan 1973

Iv und DV

Answer 3

IV = the hospitals that they are at

DV = the diagnosis and the observations of the nurses psychiatrists and staffs interactions

Question 4

Rosenhan 1973

1 Procedure 1/2

Answer 4

Participants set up an appointment under a false name and occupation

at this appointment they claim they could hear unfamiliar voices from the same sex that were saying “empty” and “hollow” and “thud”

Upon admittance to the hospital participants stopped acting these symptoms

in the psych Ward participants engaged with patients and staff as they would do in everyday life

when asked how they were feeling they said they were fine and no longer experienced any symptoms

they received but flush down the toilet prescribed medication

they recorded observations such as describing the experience regarding the ward the staff and the patients

participants were discharged when staff saw it fit

four participants repeated this process at four other hospitals

Question 5

Rosenhan 1973

1 procedure 2/2

Answer 5

There were two further breaches of protocol

however this did not result in their exclusion

two people reveal that they work in psychology to staff

and one attempted to romance with nurses

and gave psychotherapy to the other patients however nobody gave a s***

4/12 hospitals staff responded to questions reparticipant such as

asking them asking when will the staff meeting is

or when they were like to be discharged

participants only asked any one member of staff one thing per day never twice and the responses were recorded

Participants contacting staff were overwhelmingly ignored at the 4 hospitals

in 6/12 hospitals staff contact time was measured
times ranged between 3.9-25.1 minuites

mean= 6.8 min

Question 6

Rosenhan 1973

2nd study procedure

Answer 6

At a secret research test hospital in a secret location

Staff were aware of the first to these results and there were informed that one or more participants Who will act similar to the previous studies may attempt to gain access in the following three months

staff would rate each patient on a 10-point scale from most likely to be a pseudo patient at 1 to least likely at 10

0 participants were sent to the hospital at all scores were obtained from 193 patients

41 patients were judged highly likely to be pseudo patients

Question 7

Rosenhan 1973

Results 1/3

Answer 7

Exp 1

There were 11 diagnosis of schizophrenia and discharged with this diagnosis

and 1 diagnosis of manic depressive psychosis

Even after the participants stopped acting symptoms diagnosis were not reversed as it was not identified that in any of these 12 hospitals but this was a type 1 error

Due to this it was concluded that there is an overlap between sane and insane behavior

this is evident by the fact that without the psychotic diagnosis the behaviors shown by ppts would be attributed to regular activities such as being bord or being a writer

however within the context of the diagnosis they would be considered insane and abnormal behavior

Showing how much they overlap
Meaning that the first aim of the study to determine if psychiatric testing can accurately tell normal from abnormal psychiatric States was found to be untrue because of this overlap

Question 8

Rosenhan 1973

Results 2/3

Answer 8

Participants state of the hospital between 7 to 52 days

the mean amount of days of 19

the nurses reported participants were friendly cooperated and had no abnormal indications

2.94% of the 1468 recorded participants psychiatric staff interactions included verball engagement

In the 6/12 hospitals where staff contact time was recorded
it was 3.9-25.1 min
mean: 6.8 min

in the 4/12 hospitals questions asked to staff were recorded there was a overwhelmingly majority of the participants were ignored by the staff

the interactions in 4/10

move head, eye contact, pause and chat, stop talking

Psychiatrist 71 23 2 4

nurse 88 10 4 15

Question 9

Rosenhan 1973

results 3/3 and Rosenhans conclusion

Answer 9

in the second study out of the 193 patients that were scorred to be pseudo patience

zero were actually pseudo patients and

41 were highly suspected to be

Rosenhan concluded:

it is clear we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals

the hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily Be Misunderstood

Question 10

Rosenhan 1973

Generalisability +

Answer 10

• The used a Large variety of Hospitals and Sex of ppts so its Generalisable

• it took place in 12 hospitals over 5 states on 2 coastsbof the USA, of varying quality, one of which was privatly funded

this means that it is Generalisable to many types of Hospitals

• psudeo pattients consisted of 8 overal, 5 male and 3 female

this makes the results that hospitals were unable to distinguish Sane and insane behaviour in both male and female patients in hospitals of varining quality and funding in the United States, Generalisable to those groups and places within the General population

Question 11

Rosenhan 1973

Generalisability -

Answer 11

• Ethnocentric

• Took place in 12 hospitals in 5 states of 2 coasts Of THE USA

• therefore meaning the results that Hospitals cant distinguish between Insane and Sane behaviours cannot be Generalised to Hospitals in Other countrys and cultures, making Rosenhan 1973 Ethnocentric and Low in Generalisability

Question 12

Rosenhan 1973

Reliability +, Standardised Procedure

Answer 12

Rosenhan’s 1973 study is Reliable due to having a standardised procedure:

• Pseduo Patients claimed they had abnormal psychotic symptoms (hearing Unfamiler same sex voices say: Thud, Hollow and Empty)

• upon administration the acted Symptoms were stopped and they acted as they would everyday, making observations of Staff and Other patients and in 4/10 hospitals recording Daily interactions with staff (psychiatrists and nurses)
and in 6/10 hospitals recording their contact time with staff

• the staff then diagnosed them ususaly after on average 19 days.

Due to this standardised procedure Rosenhan’s Study can be Replicated by other researchers with ease!

making it Reliable

Question 13

Rosenhan 1973

Reliable +, consistant diagnosis

Answer 13

• Rosenhan’s study had good reliability as the Diagnosis given by the 12 hospitals for the same psychiatric symptoms

• in 11/12 hospitals the pseudo patients were diagnosed with SZ

• this shows the studies results were reliable as they were consistant

Question 14

Rosenhan 1973

Reliability -, Standardised procedure was broken

Answer 14

• the standardized procedure was only loosely followed

• two psedo patients had revealed themselves to be psychologists and one even trying to have relations with nurse and give psychotherapy to fellow patients

• meaning that if the study was replicated it’s result a less likely to be found is these two patients still had their results counted in the final results

• procedure was broken it wasn’t what got the original results of the 11 false schizophrenia diagnosis so if a study follows the procedure it’s less likely to show the studies results

• and if they do find the results it will not be due to the standardized procedure but another factor

• therefore due to the standardized procedure being broken it cannot be 100% validly used in support of the studies reliability in terms of replicability

Question 15

Rosenhan 1973

Reliability -, research follows procedure dosnt get sane results

(Lauren Slaters 2004)

and a weakness of this

Answer 15

• the study was repeated by Lauren Slater’s in 2004

• she went to 9 psychiatric hospitals and stated she had auditory hallucinations

• and was diagnosed with psychotic depression and given antidepressants

• so they failed to get the same results of schizophrenia diagnosis

• meaning the study was replicated however it found different results which is evidence against its reliability

• HOWEVER

• Lauren Slater’s could not prove that she had actually completed this experiment as she have no evidence that suggested that she had she had only mentioned it in a book

Question 16

Rosenhan 1973

application

Answer 16

Rosenhaan study highlights the issues with the accuracy of procedures of diagnosis of mental illnesses

• it’s raised concerns on the extensive use of medication

• and furthermore hospitals of force to address contact time between the staff and the patients

• this study therefore bought light to the floors and issues of diagnosis procedure allowing for it to develop and change into a more effective and efficient system

Question 17

Rosenhan 1973

Context affects Diagnosis and behaviour perception

Int val -

Answer 17

• clinicians wouldn’t expect those presenting there’s apparently mentally ill not to be so due to the context of being admitted to a psychiatric hospital so the idea that they were mentally ill was taken as the truth and challenging this behaviour/ diagnosis perception was not thought of

• therefore due to the context of being in 12 Mental psychosis hospitals the null hypothesis of the patients not actually being mentally ill would be less likely to be considered

• this is a confounding variable that reduces the link between the cause (which is the behaviour) and effect (which is a schizophrenia diagnosis)

• that leads to the study having low internal validity

Question 18

Rosenhan 1973

Qualitive data used was Objective In Val +

Answer 18

The qualitative data collected for Rosenhan’s study including:

the interaction times between staff and patients

and the number of patients that received a schizophrenia diagnosis

and the number of certain interactions recorded between the patients and the staff

and in experiment 2 the number of patience deemed to be highly likely to be a pseudo patient

ect.

these sets of quantitative data can only be objectively analyzed

as it is very difficult to challenge the meaning of high or low values of quantitative data as usually they can only have one meaning

Therefore meaning that due to the use of this quantitative data the analysis of this data is not prone to experimenter bias

therefore allowing for the link between the cause (which is the behavior) and the effect (which is the diagnosis) to be accurately established

therefore meanings overall this study has high internal validity

Question 19

Rosenhan 1973

High eco

Answer 19

The city is high ecological validity as it took place in real Psychiatric hospitals

that were unaware they were appart of the study (exept the one Rosenhan went to)

therefore the behaviour and interactions observed would be natural

making the findings Valid

as the Natural observed behaviour would be likley to occur again in real life, as it dud

giving the study high ecological Validity

Question 20

Rosenhan 1973

high mundane realism

Answer 20

The study had High mundane realism

due to participants being administered to real psychiatric hospitals and going through the real life psychiatric hospital process

of being assessed by Hospital Staff over a few days before being diagnosed

therefore meaning that the studies tasks reflect those of real life giving it high mundane realism

Question 21

Rosenhan 1973

Objectivity of Pseudo patinets may be affected -iV

Answer 21

During time at the hospital a rapport may have been formed between them and the staff

meaning it is likely that observations of the staff may have been more subjective

in their reports of their behaviors they may describe them as being helpful to all of a patients there, with long and clear explanations from their questions they asked

when reality the staff may have simply given short yes or no answers

this affects the validity of the data collected in the study as the observations may be untrue and therefore making the study overall invalid

Question 22

Rosenhan 1973

Lack of temporal validity - gen, IV and Reliability

Answer 22

Due to the study taking place in 1973 and the Hospital Staff using the dsm

it is likely that the results of the studies not representative today

as now hospitals use the dsm 5 and therefore may not be able to reach the same diagnosis or treatments as showed in the original study

Therefore lowering the internal validity as the results of the study that hospitals cannot differentiate between sailing in the same behavior cannot be applied today due to the difference system of diagnosis being used

It also shows how the study is low in reliability as due to the system of diagnosis changing

means the study cannot be replicated

as the procedure of diagnosis in the hospitals is different to what it was in 1973 due to the dsm-5 being used now and not dsm2

It also shows how the study has low generalizability

as the study’s results cannot be generalised to modern hospitals and staffs and patience

as again the procedures of diagnosis and the hospitals and staffs training themselves have changed since 1973

Question 23

Rosenhan 1973

Ethics -

Answer 23

Rosenhall 1973 has low ethics

as the pseudo patients were held forcibly even though they gave consent but they could not withdraw at any time

doctors and nurses involved were deceived as they did not know they were partaking in the experiment and couldnt give consent

Time was taken away from the people who were actually mentally ill

and pseudo patients suffered distressed and mistreatment in the hospitals and were not protected from mental harm

This shows how rosin Hahn study was highly unethical as it broke many ethical guidelines

Question 24

Rosenhan 1973

Ethics +

Answer 24

Despite the ethical issues many of them were necessary

While is true sometime may be taken away from the mentally ill this may not be the case as on average pseudo patients only had staff interactions for about 6.8 minutes per day

Pseudo patients may not have been able to withdraw at any time due to them being in a hospital however they did give their consent and knew that this may be the case

Doctors and nurses may have been deceived and not being able to give consent to the study

however they had to be deceived otherwise the study would not have been able to be conducted validly and the results may have been affected by demand characteristics and social desirability bias (e.g re diagnose when realise normal behaviour)

Finally the massive impact of the study helping to encourage the improvement of psychological treatments standards means that the ethical issues are outweighed by the positives

Meaning of overall rosenhan study could be considered ethical