Cross Cultural data in clinical psychology Flashcards
Cross Cultural data
wtf is it
Involves taking samples from diff cultural groups and comparing the results of the research to assess sim and diff between them.
Allows for concidering how culture impacts the behaviour in question, e.g SZ and determin if same symptoms across cultures and if treatments are equaly effective
Cross Cultural data
Nature and Nurture
Can be used to id the Natire nurture debate, if same procedure in diff cultures get the same result its likely this is due to Nature and Biology, where as differing results sugest nurture and a social cause.
Cross Cultural Data
Stops Ethnocentricity
Cross cultural studies can negate the study having ethnocentric views, if the researcher can immerse themselfs in the culture and learn about it fully (they can be called EthnoGraphic) this improves the Generalisability of Research as negates Ethnocentric views by learning about the culture.
Cross Cultural data
Good Int Val for determining Cultural Factors in Diagnosis and Applying them To Diagnosis and Treatment
Cross cultural research can improve the understand of cultural factors that need to be concidered in Diagnosis and treatment, this will reduce the Subjectivity of diagnosis and treatment whe these cultural factors are present as the clinician has learned about the different culture, making the diagnosis and treatment of Patients from other cultures more internaly valid and accurate.
Cross Cultural data
Two Kinds of Cross Cultural Research
Emic and Etic
2 kinds of approaches:
Emic - Study approach that looks at a culture from within that said culture, to find out about its norms ans ideas (focus on one culture to understand it)
Etic - looks at norms and ideas between cultures, from the outside view of the cultures, and draw data from many cultures at once. (when researchers are looking for Universal laws of behaviour by comparing the behaviours of many cultures)
Cross Cultural data
Support from Lin 1996 +
Lin 1996
SZ looked at Cross culturaly, found that prevalence of SZ sim across all cultures, in Symptoms the Sim between cultures oughtwheighed the differences.
The only Diff seemed to be in outcome for the patients, as patients in Developed countrys had more positive outcomes, This therefore is Research supporting Etic Cross cultural research, as it has been shown to find universal symptoms of SZ and find Cultural Sim and Diff, Making Lin 1996 evidence supporting Cross Cultural Designs.
Cross Cultural Designed studys
Good Gen and Val for research into Universal symptoms and Behaviours + ☆
CC studys help Psychologists see if some behaviours are Universal (not affected by cultural differences)
By comparing Prevalence of MI (Mental illness) across Cultures and look for cultural variation in MI and Diagnosis.
So they can ID universal Trends and specific variation enabling Treatments to be updated and tailored fot specific cultures. Enabeling CC designs to give Good Validity and generalisability to the Treatment of mental dissorders.
Cross Cultural research
Gen between Cultures (Aids Research of stuff like SZ) (build a body of Knowlege overall) +
They also allow for generalisations between cultures to build a body of knowledge eg if schizophrenia is diagnosed using ICD-10, which is used in many different cultures and countries, then knowing that schizophrenia is found universally is important.
Cross Cultural studies
Reliable good cuz standardised procedures make studys replicatable +
Reliability in cross cultural research is likely to be high. If the same procedures are repeated in different cultures, they are likely to be carefully documented, therefore the study can be easily repeated (Replicated) to check for consistency in the findings
Cross Cultural Studys have good Generalisability
(Another Reduce ethnocentric point) +
Cross-cultural research can also reduce the level of ethnocentrism in research as such research highlights cultural differences and similarities in mental illness. Therefore, this makes findings more generalisable to a range of patients, especially when working with patients from a different culture to their own.
Cross Cultural research
Researcher bias and how to tackle it -
An issue with cross-cultural research is observer bias can be a problem because researchers have expectations about how they anticipate other cultural groups will behave and this may affect their measurements. (lowering internal validity as cant establish cause and effect acturatly with faulty measurments)
The use of indigenous (local) researchers can help overcome this
Cross cultural research
Communicatuon difficulties and how to deal with them
gen - and Breaks HCPC guidlines
Communication difficulties may also arise, if a researcher is conducting an investigation in a different culture and language to their own, which could cause misunderstandings of diagnosis and treatments, (lowers generalisability as Diagnosis and treatment cant be applied if they cant understand, also breaks HCPC guidlines on Communication)
but this can be overcome using indigenous researchers
Cross cultural Studys
May lack Construct Validity in US made tests and procedures
Researchers may use tests or procedures that have been developed in the US and are not valid in any other culture. This may make the individuals in the other culture appear abnormal or inferior
This is known as an Imposed etic when a technique or psychological test is used in one culture even though it was designed for use in another culture
And as the Method is Invalid in the other cultures
then this would mean the Tests and procedures lack Construct Validity
Cross Cultural Studies
a lack of representation may lead to generalisings about the Culture
this is a negative Ethical implecation
Participants in cross-cultural research may not be representative of that culture, yet we make generalitations about the whole culture or even the whole country This could lead to steigotypes or labels of mental health which are not reflective of that culture
This Leads to Negative Ethical implecations that could Negativley effect Patients Mentaly, thus breaking Ethical Guidlines and not being Culturaly Sensitive
Cross Cultural studies
the implecations of Features of a culture being socaily constructed
limiting the Generalisability and application of valid measurments
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If features of a culture are socially constructed,
then behaviours, thoughts, attitudes and emotions are not comparable between cultures as what is being measured may be different
Validity of the measurement would only be found within the culture the issues are set in
reducing the generalisability and application of these measurments
