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Neuro > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

diencephalon is comprised of

A

dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

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2
Q

subthalamus is associated with

A

basal ganglia

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3
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal and babenuclear nuclei

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4
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin, controlled by sympathetics

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5
Q

habenular nucleus

A

limbic relay nuclei with projections to brainstem

“negative reward”

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6
Q

circadian rhythm

A

modified photoreceptors have symp input–>retina–>hypothalamus–>IML –>synapse superior cervical ganglia–>post gang to pineal (along blood vessels)habe

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7
Q

habenuclar nuclei pathway

A

limbic structures–>stria medularis–>interpeduncular nucleus of midbrain

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8
Q

photoreceptors of epithalamus do not respond to ____ but instead respond to___

A

light

circadian differences in symp NS activity

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9
Q

circadian release of melatonin is important in

A

symp NS activity, hibernation, & sexual maturation

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10
Q

all sensory pathways except ____ relay to the thalamus before reaching the ___

A

olfaction

cortex

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11
Q

thalamus is also a site for

A

relay for cerebellar and basal gangilar feedback to cerebral cortex

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12
Q

thalamus and cerebral cortex

A

have reciprocal connections where the cortex can modify thalamic functions

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13
Q

thalamus’s main job is to

A

filter the signal based on activity in other modulatory inputs, including cerebral cortex

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14
Q

three things that modulate sensory input to thalamus

A

input frm other thalamic nuclei
cortical region input
mdulatory input from brainstem (5ht, ne)

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15
Q

association nuclei

A

receive vast majority of their input from cerebral cortex and dont receive specific motor or sensory input
located in associatin cortices

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16
Q

association cortice

A

portion in between primary sensory and motor cortices that are involved in higher order functions (interpreting sensory inputs or synthesizing motor respnses) then project to cerebral cortex

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17
Q

two physiolological states of neurons in thalamus

A

tonic or burst (oscillatory)

can be switched based on input to that particular thalamic region

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18
Q

average baseline of cells is

A

negative

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19
Q

inhibitory inputs put cell in

A

burst mode–>neuron is asleep since it is not transmitting anything but rhythm
–hyperpolarization opens a certain type of voltage-gated Ca channel that generates slow, rhytmic waves of depolarization
no meaningful information transmitted

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20
Q

excitatory

A

tonic mode

firing is irregular–>convey to cerebral cortex

21
Q

location of thalamus

A

borders third ventricle on medial side and internal capsule laterally
caudally- in contact with rostral portion of midbrain reticular formation and other subthalmic structures
–internal medullary lamina divides it into subnuclei

22
Q

internal medullary lamina is a ___ shape and splits the thalamus into

A

Y
lateral nuclear group
medial nuclear group
medial & lateral geniculate nuclei (metathalamus)

23
Q

lateral region contains

A

ventral and dorsal tiers

24
Q

reticular thalamic nucleus

A

thin shell of neurons covering the entire lateral aspect of the thalamus
–>separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina

25
Q

relay nuclei

A

specific input comes from somewhere outside cerebral cortex and thalamic region
–feedback from cortex to “filter input”-projections to lateral tier, ventral nuclei, metathalmus

26
Q

damage to midbrain reticular formation

A

loss of ability to maintain consciousness

27
Q

Internal Medullary Lamina divides

A

Lateral Nuclear
Medial Nuclear
Anterior Nuclear

28
Q

Ventral Tier of lateral nuclear

A

VPN, VLN, ventral anterior

29
Q

Dorsal Tier of lateral nuclear

A

Pulvinar
Lateral Posterior Nuclei
Lateral Dorsal Nuclei

30
Q

Ventral Posterior divides into

A

ventral posteromedial

ventral posterolateral

31
Q

ventral posteromedial

A

medial leminscal/STT–>*–>cerebral cortex

32
Q

VPL

A

trigeminothalamic–>*–>postcentral gyrus

33
Q

Ventral posterior involved in

A

somatosensory

34
Q

ventral lateral

A

cerebellum (dendate nucleus) & basal ganglia–>*–>primary motor cortex (area 4) or precentral gyrus AND premotor areas
**motor feedback of cerebellum

35
Q

ventral anterior

A 
basal ganglia (medial globus pallidus + substantia nigra-->pars reticulata)-->*-->premotor (supplement motor area frontal lobe)
*planning and initiating movement
36
Q

3 parts of dorsal tier

A

pulvinar
lateral posterior nuclei
latersal dorsal nuclei

37
Q

pulvinar

A

superior colliculus/parietal-occipital association cortex–>*–>visual areas and association of parieto-occipital temporal region
**visual perception and eye movements

38
Q

lateral posterior nuclei

A

superior colliculus/association areas of parietal cortex–>*–>association of parietal lobes

39
Q

nuclei of medial nuclaer

A

mediodorsal nuclei

40
Q

lateral mediodorsal nuceli

A

superior colliculus, olfactory cortex, ventral pallidrum–>*–> frontal eyelids and anterior cingulate cortex of frontal lobes
**eye movement and attenuating to visual stimuli–also, regulates emotional tone

41
Q

medial & midline nucleus

A

1) associated with orbital medial frontal cortices & insular cortex
* *autonomic regulation & emotions
2) input from solitary nucleus, substantia nigra reticulata, amygdala, & central pallidum
* *impair memory & amnestic syndrome due to alcoholism

42
Q

2 nonspecific nuclei

A

intralaminar

midline thalamic nuclei

43
Q

midline thalamic nuclei

A

midbrain reticular formation–>*–>widely to cerebral cortex

**sleep patterns (esp in midline) & alerting

44
Q

anterior nuclei contains

A

anterior nucleus

**limbic

45
Q

metathalamus

A

medial geniculate nucleus

lateral geniculate nucleus

46
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

auditory inferior colliculus–>*–>primary auditory cortex on superior temporal lobe
**hearing

47
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

optic tract–>*–>primary visual area (area 17 AKA striate AKA calcarine cortex)
**contralateral vision

48
Q

reticular thalamic nucleus

A

thick shell of inhibitory neurons around entire thalamus
cerebral cortex, brainstem reticular formation, other thalamic nuclei–>*–> other thalamic nuclei
**sleep wake cycle, regulator of singals relaying through thalamus

49
Q

intralaminar nuclei

A

within the internal medullary capsule

  • central median nuclei
  • parafasicular nuclei

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