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Neuro > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

0
Q

frequency

A

pitch

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1
Q

amplitude

A

loudness

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2
Q

complexity

A

timbre

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3
Q

sound

A

pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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4
Q

timbre

A

characteristics and qualities of a tone apart from simply loudness and its pitch–usually described in qualitative terms

“complexity” of waveforms

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5
Q

sound waves propagate in….creating…

A

3 dimensions

spherical “shells”

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6
Q

adults + pitch

A

detect between 20Hz-10Khz

peak sensitivity of 2-3 khz

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7
Q

presbycusis

A

hearing loss that occurs in old age

typically an age-dependent decrease in the upper limit of the freq range (loss of high freq hearing)

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8
Q

parts of external ear

A

auricle- collects sound

external meatus- boost

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9
Q

what does middle ear do?

A

energy boost (200x)
attenuation reflex
connection to nasopharynx via Eustachian tube

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10
Q

what does energy boost mean?

A

avoid loss by reflection from air to fluid
larger tympanic membrane to smaller oval window
mechanical advantage/lever action of ossicles

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11
Q

attenuation reflex components

A

tensor tympani muscle

stapedius muscle

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12
Q

hyperacusis

A

extra sensitivty

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13
Q

how much of a boost does external acoustic meatus provide

A

30 - 100 fold

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14
Q

how mcuh does middle ear boost sound pressure?

A

~200 fold

via energy advantage (larger tympanic focussed to smaller oval window) and mechanical advantage (ossicles)

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15
Q

two muscle of middle ear

A

tensor tympani- trigeminal nerve

stapedius- facial nerve

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16
Q

how do muscles work?

A

contract by loud noises–>stiffen ossicles and reduce sound pressure to cochlea

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17
Q

pharyngeal end of Eustachian tube

A

normally closed, but provides a pathway for equalizing pressure so if it gets blocked build up of pressure can hurt

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18
Q

3 things in inner ear

A

cochlea
basilar membrane
organ of corti

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19
Q

4 things in cochlea

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media
stria vascularis

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20
Q

scala vestibuli

A

perilymph

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21
Q

scala tympani

A

perilymph

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22
Q

scala media

A

endolymph (high K+)

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23
Q

stria vascularis

A

produces endolymph

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24
Q

parts of organ of corti

A

tectorial membrane

hair cells

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25
Q

stereocilia deflected away

A

hyperpolarize

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26
Q

stereociliar deflected towards kinocilia

A

depolarize

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27
Q

inner hair cells

A

afferent innervation sends info

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28
Q

outer hair cells

A

efferents from superior olive

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29
Q

what do efferents do

A

dampen response to loud sound

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30
Q

length of hair cells

A

lengthen in response to hyperpolarization

shorten in response to depolarization

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31
Q

molecular motor of hair cells

A

prestin

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32
Q

cochlea

A

coiled tube where soundwaves are transformed to neural impulses

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33
Q

what separates cochlea into three compartments

A

cochlear duct

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34
Q

what produces endolymph

A

stria vascularis (secretory epithelium)

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35
Q

how are vestibuli and tympani connected?

A

helicotyrema

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36
Q

when pressure waves come through the oval window

A

transmits pressure waves into the scala vestibuli

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37
Q

shape of basilar membrane

A

narrower and stiffer at base–vibration during high freq
wider and more flexible at apex- vibe during low freq
—->tonotopy-systematic representation of sound freq along cochlea

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38
Q

rows of hair cells

A

3 rows outer hair cells

1 row of inner hair cells

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39
Q

tectorial membrane

A

gelatinous membrane- stereocilia are stuck in this

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40
Q

kinocilium

A

tallest stereocilium (only true cilia) disappears shortly after birth

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41
Q

stereocilia are displaced when

A

basilar membrane moves

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42
Q

stereocilia away from kinocilia

A

K+ channels close, cell hyperpolarizes, less Ca enters through Vgated Ca channels–>less NT release

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43
Q

stereocilia moves towards kinocilia

A

K channels open–>K flows in–>cell depolarizes–>more NT release

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44
Q

where does K flow when channels are open

A

INTO cell to drive to 125 mV of transmembrane potential

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45
Q

inner hair cells are connected to

A

afferent fibes

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46
Q

outer hair cells are targets of

A 
efferent supply (which comes from superior olivary compelx)
-->Ach release from outerhair cells-->dampened response to loud sound (less response in afferent)
47
Q

electromotility

A

depolaarization–>outer hair cells shorten–>more basilar membrane movement–>inner hair cell displacement
hyperpol–>outer hair cells lengthen

48
Q

prestin

A

voltage-sensitive motor protein in outer hair cells

49
Q

where is prestin found?

A

plasma membrane

50
Q

furosemide

A

intereferes with outer hair cell contraction–>decreases cochlear amplification

51
Q

cochlear amplifier

A

change in the exten of basilar membrane movement

52
Q

advantages of cochlear amplifier

A
  • -protects cochlea from damage by loud sounds

- -dampen background noise and selectively enhance specific frequencies

53
Q

spiral ganglion

A

afferent nerves from cochlea

54
Q

analysis of frequency

A

dorsal cochlear nuclei

55
Q

sound localization

A

ventral cochlear nuclei

56
Q

time delay

A

medial superior olive neurons

57
Q

intesnity difference

A

lateral superior olive

58
Q

integrate with somatosensory info

A

projection to inferior colliculus

59
Q

Two brainstem mechanisms for sound localization

A

time delay

intensity differences in each ear

60
Q

path of 8th nerve

A 
dorsal/ventral cochlear nuclei
superior olivary nuclei
inferior colliclulus
medial geniculate of thalamus
superior temporal gyrus of cortex
61
Q

below 3 Khz use

A

time delay

62
Q

above 3Khz use

A

intensity differneces

63
Q

maximum time difference that will occur in humans

A

0.6 ms

64
Q

humans can detect time differences as little as

A

5 microseconds

65
Q

coincidence detectors are found in the

A

neurons of hte medial superior olive

66
Q

coincidence detectors

A

have dendrities that receive information from two ears

stimulated maximally when info from each ear arrives at the same time

67
Q

if the length of the dendrite differs for the axons from each ear

A

there will be COINCIDENT ARRIVAL depending ont he delay between thw two ears, so the cell will be stimulated best when the sound originates from one ear or the other

68
Q

lateral superior olive neurons

A

stimulated by sound from ipsilateral

inhibited from sound coming from contralateral via interneurons in medial nucleus of trapezoid body

69
Q

for low frequency sounds that are continuous

A

difference in the time that it takes for a particular point in the phase of the sound wave to reach each ear can also be used to localize source of sound

70
Q

inferior colliculus

A

integration of auditory information with other somatosensory inputs frm the body
**startle reflex & vestibulo-ocular reflex
integration of auditory/space map
sounds filtered out

71
Q

4 aspects of primary auditory cortex

A

superior temporal gyrus
tonotopic projection
columnar orgnaization
cells specific for combinations of sounds

72
Q

secondary auditory cortex

A

cells sensitive to combinations of sounds

73
Q

wernickes area

A

comprehending speech

74
Q

columnar organization

A

all cells in a verticle column have same best frequency

75
Q

secondary auditory areas (belt areas)

A

neurons sensitive to specific combinations of sounds used in vocalizations

76
Q

wernicke’s area

A

posterior to primary auditory cortex

understanding speech –>receives input from visual areas of cortex as well as auditory

77
Q

ventral stream

A

primary auditory cortex & inferior frontal gyrus being responsible for pitch of sound

78
Q

dorsal stream

A

superiro frontal gyrus & superior parietal cortex

involved in determining location of sound

79
Q

phonemes

A

sounds that make up human speech

80
Q

lexemes

A

correspond to sound groups “th” or “st” or short words like “we”qech

81
Q

echolocation

A

emit sounds and listen for echoes reflected from their target

82
Q

echolocation in humans shows activity in..

A

auditory cortex

occipital lobe

83
Q

doppler shift

A

frequency of sound shifts if the object is moving

1kHz= approx 3 m/s

84
Q

Broca’s area

A

produces speech

85
Q

Broca’s area sends projections to..

A

motor cortex controlling mouth and lips

a lesion= broca’s aphasia

86
Q

wernicke’s area receives input from

A

auditory cortex and from visual system

lesion= wenicke’s aphasia= can speek but not understand speach

87
Q

arcuate fasiculus

A

fiber tract that connects wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

lesion= similar t broca’s aphasia

88
Q

supermarginal gyrus

A

neurons in this region are important for matching incoming sounds received by auditory system (speech) with phenmes that indivudals find meaninful

89
Q

angular gyrus

A

neurons in this region are important for matching incoming visual information (graphemes) to phonemes that are meaningful

90
Q

McGurk Effect

A

explains the interaction between auditory and visual information when understanding speech

a listening is presented with audio recording of syllable “pa”, while watching a video of face saying “ka” and a majority will report hearing “ta”

91
Q

combination sensitive neurons

A

neurons in the auditory association areas respond better to specific combinations of tones than tones a lone

92
Q

Broca’s area and music

A

important for determining whether a note is on or off key

93
Q

pathway for music

A

primary auditory cortex–>auditory association zones in temporal zone–> inferior frontal cortex in R & L hemispheres

94
Q

perfect pitch

A

ability to attach verbal labels to individual tones for a large set of notes

95
Q

pitch changes

A

temporal regions of the R hemisphere

96
Q

congenital amusia

A

tone deafness—>cant detect PITCH
about 4% of population
abnormalities in auditory cortex and inferior frontal cortex

97
Q

timbre is processed..

A

right frontal cortex/hemisphere

98
Q

rhythm, pitch, familiarity

A

left hemisphere

99
Q

changes in the brain upon musical training

A

increases in motor areas & auditory areas (Heschl’s gyrus)

100
Q

presbycusis

A

late onset hearing impairment

occurs with old age and usually due to loss of hair cells & loss of high frequency end of sound spectrum

101
Q

hyperacusis

A

reduced tolernace to ordinary environmental sounds

–>damage muscles of middle ear, or the mechanisms that control them (Bell’s palsy)

102
Q

auditory agnosia

A

cannot verbalize the meaning of a nonverbal sound

103
Q

conduction deafness

A

disturbance in the conduction of sound from the outer ear to the cochlea
can be due to.. wax in the ear, tympanic membrane rupture, pathology of ossicles

104
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

loss of hair cells or neurons in auditory nerve

105
Q

acquired hearing loss

A

acoustical trauma
infection of inner ear
ototoxic drugs (kanamycin, gentamycin)
old age (presbycusis)

106
Q

genetic causes of hearing loss

A

nearly 50 genes have been identified
absence of K channels in hair cell cilia, absence of proteins necessary for proper alignment of cilia, inability to produce high K+ containing endolymph in cochlea

107
Q

rinne test

A

can be used to distinguish between conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness

108
Q

rinne test results

A

conductive hearing loss- bone conduction heard longer than air conduction

sensorineural hearing loss- air conduction is heard longer than bone conduction but less than twice as long

109
Q

tinnitus

A

perception of sound in absence of stimulus

–often accompanies disorders involving cochlea, auditory nerve, or even changes in auditory cortex

110
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

slow growing tumors of schwann cell origin
originate in vestibular nerve–>but can influence cochlear nerve as well
can result in hearing loss and/or tinnitus

111
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

progressing hearing loss (often in the low freq range) due to excess fluid buildup in endolymphatic sac surrounding cochlea

cause unknown, though could be due to blockade or restriction of endolymphatic duct or in production of endolymph by stria vascularis

112
Q

how can you make hair cells regenerate

A

induce non-sensory epithelial cells of cochlea to differentiate into hair cells

virus mediated gene delivery of Math1/Atoh1 –>generation of hair cells with innervation and function

113
Q

cochlear implants

A

microphone on side of head sends signals to a processor–>converts freeq information into digital signal–>info sent to receiver under scalp–>sends signal through wires threaded into cochlea–>selectively stimulate auditory nerve at various places along cochlea

114
Q

issues with cochlear implants

A

timbre perception is poor (ability to caputre emotional content/prosody) also poor

combo of visual/auditory is poor

115
Q

optic tectum

A

owl equivalent to superior colliculus

116
Q

if child gets a cochlear transplant after 2.5 years old

A

not too much successwith visual auditory fusion

Neuro (9 decks)

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