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Neuro > Neuro-Vestibular System > Flashcards

Neuro-Vestibular System Flashcards

0
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

membrane-lined cavities inside of the bony labyrinth

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1
Q

vestibular aqueduct

A

connects semicircular canals to inside of the skull

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2
Q

vestibule contains

A

saccule and utricle

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3
Q

ampulla

A

dilated portion of each semicircular duct

where the cristae are located

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4
Q

cochlear duct

A

part of the membranous labyrinth in the cochlea

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5
Q

endolympathic duct

A

passes through the vestibular aqueduct and conveys endolymph to a sac that is closely related to the signmoid sinus inside skull where endolymph is resorbed

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6
Q

perilymph

A

all space outside of the membranes is filled with this

**in communication with CSF through cochlear aqueduct (probably explains deafness associated with meningitis)

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7
Q

potential difference between endolymph & perilymph

A

+80mV

created by pumps in stria vascularis

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8
Q

apex vs base of hair cell

A

apex: in contact with endolymph
base: in contact with perilymph

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9
Q

hairs are actually

A

sterocilia

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10
Q

deflection of hairs towards kinocilium

A

pulls on tip filaments–>opening K channels–>K into hair cell (depol)–> open Ca2+ channels at base of cell–> Ca2+ influx–>NT release and opening of Ca2+ dep K+ channel at base–> efflux of K into perilymph–> repolarization

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11
Q

deflection of hair cells away from kinocilium

A

closes K + channels–>decreased NT release

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12
Q

tip filament

A

motor protein is linked to actin filament in core of stereocilium

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13
Q

slow steady release of NT under resting conditions

A

low intracellular Ca2+–>activate motor protein–> tighten tip filament –>partially open K+ channels –>partially depol–>opens Ca2+ channel

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14
Q

2 structural types of receptors in vestibular apparatus

A

cristea
maculae
**both contain hair cells

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15
Q

cristea

A

located within ampulla of semicircular ducts

–all hairs oriented in one direction

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16
Q

maculae

A

reside within saccule and utricle

–small patches of hair cels that have a somewhat complex, curved, 3d orientation, varies on different parts of macula

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17
Q

striola

A

dividing line running down the middle of this patch

–separates regions of hair cells with different polarity

18
Q

maculae are found

A

in utriculus and sacculus

19
Q

maculae consist of

A

hair cells protruding into a gelatinous material studded with calcium carbonate crystals

20
Q

calcium carbonate crystals..

A

increase the density of the gel, allowing the macular to respond to gravity

21
Q

maculae also detect

A

linear acceleartion

22
Q

polarization of hair cells in macula

A

contains hair cells oriented in virtually every plane of head, so tehrefore with any movement of head some hair cells are activated and some are inhibited

23
Q

otoconia/otoliths

A

calcium carbonate crystals

24
Q

forward acceleration vs deceleration

A

transient, no head tilt

acceleration: they go backwards
deceleration: they go forward

25
Q

during constant tilt

A

firing slowly adapts by decreasing frequency

26
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous mass that the cristae hair cells project into

no otoliths, so the density is the same as the fluid surrounding it (does NOT detect any gravitational forces)

27
Q

cristae are mostly activated..

A

by currents within endolymph of semicircular canals

–>deflect cupula–>bend hair cells (currents in one direction excite and in the other inhibit)

28
Q

semicircular ducts

A 
organized in 3 planes at right angles to each other
angular movements (spinning, pitching, tumbling) result in fluid movement in ducts

–>vestibular system integrates the amount of excitation & inhibition of all three cristae within to allow you to detect angular acceleration in any of the three planes (flexion-extension, lateral bending, rotation of head)

29
Q

anterior canal of one ear..

A

in the same plane as the posterior canal of other ear

30
Q

clockwise head movement

A

fluid stays behind because of inertia–>bend crista in direction opposite of head movement–>allows to detect angular acceleartion

31
Q

scarpa’s ganglion

A

release of NT from hair cells of macula and cristae produce AP in the peripheral end of sensory axons–>cell bodies are located here

these neurons give rise to the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve–>runs through internal acoustic meatus to medullary-pontine junction

32
Q

central projections of vestibular afferents

A

cell bodies–>vestibular ganglion–>axons to vestibular complex of nuclei in dorsolateral aspect of rostral medulla and caudal pons AND flocculus & nodulus

33
Q

8th cranial nerve also has branches//

A

directly enter cerebellum and terminate in flocculonodular lobe

34
Q

flocculonodular lobe is called

A

vestibulocerebellum

35
Q

vestibulo-occular reflex

A

stabilizes eye

projectsion from vestibular nuclei, passes through MLF to nuclei of nerves that regulate eye movement (iii, iv, vi)

36
Q

vestibular righting reflex

A

vestibular nuclei send projection that descends through medulla towards spinal cord–>medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts–>body muscle in response to vestibular stimuli

37
Q

other inputs to vestibular nuclei

A

cerebellum

spinal cord

38
Q

cerebellum input to vestibular nuclei

A

mostly flocculus and fastigial nucleus

adjusts gain of vestibular system –>important in VOR reflex

39
Q

Spinal cord input to vestibular nuclei

A

incorporates proprioception from body (esp from upper neck)

40
Q

projections to reticular formation

A

autonomic responses–>nausea, vomiting, flushing, sweating in response to intense vestibular stimulation or motion sickness

41
Q

projection to thalamus

A

relay to part of sensory cortex

perception of movement0–>produces vertigo when there are abnormalities in vestibular system

42
Q

nystagmus

A

to and from movements of eyes
normal when someone is spinning–>when rotate to right, eyes will move left at same rate and when get to end they will dart right and fix on new target

Neuro (9 decks)

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