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THALAMUS Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary brain vesicle derived from the primary brain vesicle: prosencephalon

A

DIENCEPHALON

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2
Q

DIENCEPHALON;Extends posteriorly to where the 3rd ventricle becomes continuous with

A

cerebral aqueduct (caudal)

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3
Q

Extends anteriorly to

A

interventricular foramen (rostral)

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4
Q

Inferior Surface of diencephalon

A

Formed by:
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Optic tract on either side
Infundibulum
Tuber cinereum
Mammillary bodies

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5
Q

Thick bundle of fibers from hippocampus that arch posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body

A

Fornix

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6
Q

The superior surface is concealed by

A

Fornix

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7
Q

The superior border

A

roof of the 3rd ventricle

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8
Q

Lateral Surface

A

Bound by posterior limb internal capsule

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9
Q

Medial Surface

A

Wall of 3rd ventricle
Formed by:
Superior: medial surface of thalamus
Inferior: hypothalamus

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10
Q

separates thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

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11
Q

Superior margin of medial surface

A

stria medullaris thalami

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12
Q

4 PARTS of Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Largest diencephalic subdivision
Relay station to all main sensory systems (except olfactory pathway)

A

THALAMUS

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14
Q

Lies inferior to thalamus
Diencephalic in origin but functions to basal ganglia
Between thalamus and midbrain tegmentum

A

SUBTHALAMUS

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15
Q

shaped like biconvex lens; connected with corpus striatum bc it is composed of putamen, globus pallidus, caudate; involved in control of muscle activity

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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16
Q

Large ovoid gray matter, obliquely oriented
At rostral end of the brainstem

A

THALAMUS

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17
Q

small elevation on the under aspect of the lateral portion of the pulvinar

A

Lateral geniculate body

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18
Q

extends along the dorsomedial margin of the thalamus near the roof of the 3rd ventricle

A

Stria medullaris thalami

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19
Q

continuous with tegmentum of midbrain

A

Inferior surface of Thalamus

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20
Q

Medial surface forms the superior part of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle and connected to opposite thalamus by

A

interthalamic connection

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21
Q

_______covered by ependyma and forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle; partially covered by choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

A

Lateral surface

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22
Q

Lateral surface is separated from lentiform nucleus

A

internal capsule

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23
Q

Cells are composed of:
Cranial ends of red nuclei
Substantia nigra

A

SUBTHALAMUS

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24
Q

Also contains tracts that pass from tegmentum to thalamus (medial, spinal, and trigeminal lemnisci)

A

SUBTHALAMUS

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25
Q

Consists of:
Habenular nuclei
Stria medullaris thalami
Habenular commissure connects left and right
Habenular trigone contains nucleus
Pineal gland

A

EPITHALAMUS

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26
Q

Small group of neurons just medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus

A

Habenular Nucleus

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27
Q

Afferent fibers from amygdaloid nucleus in temporal lobe through the stria medullaris thalami; others from hippocampus pass through the fornix

A

Habenular Nucleus

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28
Q

some fibers of stria medullaris thalami that connect both nuclei with each other

A

Habenular commissure

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29
Q

Axons pass to interpeduncular nucleus in the roof of the interpeduncular fossa, the tectum of midbrain, thalamus and reticular formation of midbrain

A

Habenular Nucleus

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30
Q

Center for integration of olfactory, visceral and somatic afferent pathways

A

Habenular Nucleus

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31
Q

Small conical structure attached by a pineal stalk to the diencephalon
Projects backwards

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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32
Q

Lies posterior to the midbrain
Base of pineal stalk possesses a recess that is continuous with the cavity of the third ventricle

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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33
Q

Base of the stalk
Superior to base of stalk: contains the habenular commissure
Inferior: posterior commissure

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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34
Q

2 types of cells of pineal body

A

Pinealocytes and Glial cells

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35
Q

with club-like processes opposed to blood vessels; synthesize melatonin

A

Pinealocytes

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36
Q

concretions of calcified material that accumulate with age

A

Brain sand

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37
Q

No nerve cells, no synaptic contact with neurons

Richly vascularized, no blood brain barrier so it can communicate w/ other parts

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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37
Q

Activity exhibits circadian rhythm that is influenced by light (active in dark) for sleep

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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38
Q

Melatonin and enzymes needed for its production (serotonin N-acetyltransferase increase at night in absence of photic stimulation)
Serotonin released highly at night

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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39
Q

Adrenergic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglia enter and run in association with blood vessels and pinealocytes

A

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)

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40
Q

Extends from optic chiasm to caudal border of mammillary bodies

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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41
Q

Lies below the hypothalamic sulcus on the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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41
Q

Close to limbic system, thalamus, ascending and descending tracts, and hypophysis

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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42
Q

Pneumonic: “HEAL” of the function of hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis, Endocrine, ANS and Limbic

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43
Q

Pituitary Gland is also called…

A

Hypophysis

44
Q

Flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle

A

Optic Chiasm

45
Q

Superior surface of optic chiasm attached to

A

lamina terminalis

46
Q

Inferiorly related to the _________, from which it is separated by diaphragma sella

A

hypophysis cerebri

47
Q

Anterolateral corners are continuous with

A

optic nerves

48
Q

Posterolateral corners continuous with

A

optic tracts

49
Q

_______ of the 3rd ventricle lies on its superior surface

A

Optic recess

50
Q

Convex mass of gray matter seen on the inferior surface

Continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum

A

Tuber Cinereum

51
Q

Hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri
Later becomes pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

52
Q

Root of infundibulum is …

A

Median eminence

53
Q

raised part of tuber cinereum to which is attach the infundibulum

A

Median eminence

53
Q

Median eminence

Infundibulum

Posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)

A

Neurohypophysis

53
Q

Posterior to mammillary bodies lies the posterior perforated substance →
Transmit central branches of the PCA

A

Mammillary Bodies

54
Q

Possess a central core of gray matter invested by a capsule of myelinated fibers

A

Mammillary Bodies

55
Q

2 small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum

A

Mammillary Bodies

56
Q

Slit-like cleft between the 2 thalami

Communicates anteriorly with the lateral ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monroe

Continuous posteriorly with the
fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct

A

Third Ventricle

57
Q

What wall of 3rd ventricle?

Opening into the cerebral aqueduct

Superior to this opening is posterior commissure, pineal recess, and habenular commissure

A

Posterior wall

58
Q

What wall of 3rd ventricle?

Medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and hypothalamus inferiorly

Limited superiorly by stria medullaris thalami

Joined by the interthalamic connection

A

Lateral wall

59
Q

What wall of 3rd ventricle?

Optic chiasm

Tuber cinereum

Infundibulum

A

Inferior wall

60
Q

What wall of 3rd ventricle?

Mammillary bodies

Hypophysis is attached to the infundibulum

Posterior to these are the cerebral peduncles

A

Inferior wall

61
Q

Greek “inner chamber” “bedroom” (nasa loob)

Synaptic relay center to cerebral cortex for nearly all pathways

A

THALAMUS

62
Q

Major sensory relay station

Motor inputs from cerebellum and basal ganglia, limbic inputs, widespread modulatory inputs involved in behavioral arousal and sleep-wake cycles

A
63
Q

LOCATION, APPEARANCE, AND SUBDIVISIONS of THALAMUS

A

Large, egg-shaped mass of gray matter

Rostral end of brainstem

2 thalami

Each side of 3rd ventricle

64
Q

Location and Appearance of Thalamus:

A
65
Q

Location and Appearance of Thalamus:

A
66
Q

Location and Appearance of Thalamus:

A
67
Q

Location and Appearance of Thalamus:

A
68
Q

Subdivisions of Thalamus:

Superior surface covered by…

A

stratum zonale (thin layer of white matter)

69
Q

Subdivisions of Thalamus:

Lateral surface covered

A

external medullary lamina

70
Q

Subdivisions of Thalamus:

Divided by ___________ into medial and lateral halves

A

internal medullary lamina

71
Q

Y-shaped anterosuperiorly

A

Internal medullary lamina

72
Q

Receive mammillothalamic tract

Receive reciprocal connections with cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus

A

Anterior Thalamic Nuclei

73
Q

Reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex and hypothalamic nuclei

Interconnected with all other thalamic nuclei

A

Dorsomedial Nuclei

74
Q

Closely associated with limbic system for emotions

Emotional tone and mechanisms of recent memory

A

Anterior Thalamic Nuclei

75
Q

Integration of large variety of sensory information, including somatic, visceral and olfactory information and their relation to emotion and subjective states

A

Dorsomedial Nuclei

76
Q

Lateral dorsal nucleus
Lateral posterior nucleus
Pulvinar

A

Dorsal Tier

77
Q

Have interconnections with other thalamic nuclei and with parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus and occipital and temporal lobes

A

Dorsal Tier

78
Q

Connected to reticular formation, substantia nigra, corpus striatum, premotor cortex and other thalamic nuclei

Connected to basal ganglia so it is connected w/ motor

A

Ventral Anterior Nucleus

79
Q

Similar to VA plus major input from cerebellum and minor input from red nucleus

Main projections pass to motor and premotor regions
Influence motor activity

A

Ventral Lateral Nucleus

80
Q

Ventral posteromedial (VPM) - receives ascending trigeminal and gustatory pathways

Closer to lamina medially

Primary sensation of face

A

Ventral Posterior Nucleus

81
Q

Ventral posterolateral (VPL) - receives ascending sensory tracts, the medial and spinal lemniscus
3rd order neuron of sensory tracts

Thalamocortical projections pass through posterior limb of internal capsule and corona radiata to postcentral gyrus area 3,1 and 2

A

Ventral Posterior Nucleus

82
Q

Within internal medullary lamina
Receive afferents from reticular formation, spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tract

A

Intralaminar Nuclei

83
Q

Adjacent to 3rd ventricle and in the interthalamic connections

Receive afferents from reticular formation

A

Midline Nuclei

84
Q

Send efferents to other thalamic nuclei that project to cerebral cortex, fibers to corpus striatum

Influence consciousness and alertness

A

Intralaminar Nuclei

85
Q

Concerned on how cerebral cortex regulate thalamus

A

Midline Nuclei

86
Q

Between external medullary lamina and posterior limb of internal capsule

Thin, extensive sheet enveloping the lateral aspect of the thalamus

A

Reticular Nuclei

87
Q

Swelling on posterior surface of thalamus below pulvinar

Auditory pathway

A

Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)

88
Q

Afferents from cerebral cortex and reticular formation
Output to other nuclei

A

Reticular Nuclei

89
Q

Swelling under the pulvinar of the thalamus

Consists of 6 layers of nerve cells

A

Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)

90
Q

Afferent fibers from inferior brachium and come from inferior colliculus
Inferior colliculus receives termination fibers of the lateral lemniscus

A

Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)

91
Q

Terminus of optic tract (except those passing to the pretectal nucleus)

Part of optic pathway

Fibers are the axons of the ganglion cell layer of retina and come from temporal half of the ipsilateral eye and from the nasal half of the contralateral eye

A

Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)

92
Q

Receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from the contralateral one

Efferent fibers from MGB form the auditory radiation which passes to the auditory cortex of superior temporal gyrus

A

Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)

93
Q

Receives visual information from the opposite visual field

Efferent fibers leave the LGB to form visual radiation which pass to visual cortex

A

Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)

94
Q

3 MAIN CATEGORIES OF THALAMIC NUCLEI

A

Relay Nuclei

Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

Reticular Nucleus

95
Q

Receives input from numerous pathways then project to the cortex

Massive reciprocal connections

A

Relay Nuclei

96
Q

Thin sheet located just lateral to the rest of the thalamus, just medial to internal capsule

Only nucleus of the thalamus that does not project to the cortex

A

Reticular Nucleus

96
Q

Projections may be localized to specific region or more diffuse

Either localized (specific) or diffused (more structures involved)

A

Relay Nuclei

97
Q

Receives input from other thalamic nuclei and the cortex then projects back to the thalamus

Consists of GABAergic neurons (inhibitory)

A

Reticular Nucleus

98
Q

Regulate thalamic activity

Inputs also come from brainstem reticular formation for maintaining consciousness

A

Reticular Nucleus

99
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

All sensory (except olfaction) modalities, in the lateral thalamus en route to primary cortical areas

A

Lateral nuclear group

100
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

Limbic pathways to anterior cingulate cortex

A

Anterior nuclear group

101
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

Visual and other sensory inputs to pulvinar are relayed to large regions of the parietal, temporal, and occipital association cortex for behavioral orientation toward relevant stimuli

A

Widely Projecting (Nonspecific) Thalamic Relay Nuclei

102
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

Mediodorsal nucleus, midline and intralaminar nuclei - diffuse relays of limbic inputs and other information involved in cognitive functions

A

Widely Projecting (Nonspecific) Thalamic Relay Nuclei

103
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
- major relay towards frontal association cortex

A

MD (mediodorsal nucleus)

104
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

Within the internal medullary lamina

Receive inputs from many pathways and have reciprocal connections with cortex

A

Intralaminar Nuclei

105
Q

ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei

Main input and output are from basal ganglia

A

Intralaminar Nuclei

106
Q

PART OF INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI:(mainly centromedian nucleus) - mainly involved in basal ganglia circuitry

A

Caudal intralaminar nuclei

107
Q

PART OF INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI:
basal ganglia, reticular activating system to cortex

A

Rostral intralaminar nuclei

NEURO (7 decks)

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