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NEURO > BASAL GANGLIA > Flashcards

BASAL GANGLIA Flashcards

1
Q

Collection of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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2
Q

Main 5 Components that participate in regulation of movement:

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus (GP)
Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Nucleus accumbens

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3
Q

Nucleus Accumbens parts

A

Ventral Striatum
Similar embryonic development and input/output connections
Limbic system

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4
Q

Other parts involved: amygdaloid nuclear complex (limbic system) and claustrum

A

Amygdaloid nuclear complex - does not participate in the modulation of movement as well as claustrum; only included d/t its location (on tail of caudate) and Claustrum (on side of basal ganglia)

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5
Q

Primary Components of Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus (nucleus of Luys)
Substantia nigra is divided into
reticula and compacta
Globus pallidus = aka paleostriatum or pallidum

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6
Q

Neostriatum

A

Caudate & Putamen

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7
Q

Lentiform Nucleus

A

Putamen & Globus Pallidus (more medial)

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8
Q

Corpus Striatum

A

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

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9
Q

HORIZONTAL SECTION FROM LATERAL TO MEDIAL

A

INSULA
EXTRE CAP (extreme capsule)
CLAUSTRUM
EXTER CAP (external capsule)
PUTAMEN
EXTER ML ( external medullary lamina)
GPe (globus pallidus externa)
INTER ML (internal medullary)
GPi (globus pallidus interna)
INTER CAP (internal capsule)

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10
Q

Elongated arched gray cellular mass related throughout its extent to the lateral ventricle
C-shaped

A

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

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11
Q

Most lateral part of the corpus striatum
Darker and larger

A

PUTAMEN

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12
Q

Wedge shaped with apex directed medially
Kind of cone shaped
Broad convex base is directed laterally

A

LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

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13
Q

C-shaped
Lies lateral to the thalamus

A

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

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14
Q

Outer putamen, inner globus pallidus
Between the internal and external capsule

A

LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

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15
Q

Between the external capsule and the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus

A

PUTAMEN

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16
Q

Lateral surface is related to internal capsule which separates it from lentiform nucleus

A

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

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17
Q

Related medially to internal capsule
Related laterally to external capsule which separates it from claustrum

A

LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

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18
Q

Rostral part is continuous ventromedial with the head of the caudate

A

PUTAMEN

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19
Q

enlarged, protrudes into anterior horn of lateral ventricle (part of caudate nucleus)

A

Head

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20
Q

follows the curvature of the inferior horn of lateral ventricle and enters the temporal lobe; terminates in the region of the amygdaloid complex
(part of caudate nucleus )

A

Tail

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21
Q

dorsolateral to the thalamus near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle (part of caudate nucleus )

A

Body

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22
Q

What separates 2 segments of globus pallidus (interna/externa)

A

medial / internal medullary lamina

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23
Q

Receives inputs to basal ganglia

A

STRIATUM

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24
Q

Lateral to the thalamus

A

CORPUS STRIATUM

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25
Q

Most medial part of the lentiform nucleus
Lighter, inner portion

A

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

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26
Q

CORPUS STRIATUM:
Almost completely divided by __________ into:
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus

A

Internal Capsule

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27
Q

High concentration of myelinated fibers
Diencephalic origin

A

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

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28
Q

Anteriorly and ventrally, putamen is fused with head of the caudate

A

ventral striatum

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29
Q

Caudate and putamen separated by internal capsule but remain joined in some places by cellular bridges

A

STRIATUM

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30
Q

Stripes or striations

A

STRIATUM

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31
Q

part of anterior part of striatum
(ventral striatum)

A

Nucleus accumbens

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32
Q

Dorsal to the crus cerebri (found in midbrain)

A

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

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33
Q

NEURO TRANSMITTER of Substantia Nigra

A

Dopamine

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34
Q

lies Under the thalamus
Spindle- or cigar-shaped

A

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

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35
Q

Ventral portion
Cells are similar to cells of globus pallidus interna (GPi)
Bc it is close to GPi
Separated by internal capsule from GPi

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

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36
Q

Dorsal
secretes Darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

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37
Q

Main input/receptive site of basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate, putamen)
motor, mainly goes to putamen

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38
Q

Main output site of basal ganglia

A

GPi and substantia nigra pars reticulata

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39
Q

Excitatory NT

A

Glutamate

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40
Q

Other input sources of basal ganglia

A

Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus (mainly centromedian and parafascicular nuclei) - released (+) glutamate

Raphe nuclei serotonin in reticular formation releases serotonin

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40
Q

Inhibitory NT

A

GABA

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41
Q

Where does GPi and SNPR sends their axons ?

A

Thalamus

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42
Q

associated with motor output of the rest of the body

A

GPi

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43
Q

leads and necessitates output

A

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

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44
Q

GPi and SNPR both releases

A

GABA

45
Q

All the outputs are sent to

A

ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) of thalamus via thalamic fasciculus

46
Q

Anterior part of thalamic fasciculus send out to:

A

anterior portion of VL (VL pars oralis)

47
Q

Posterior part of thalamic fasciculus send out to:

A

posterior portion of VL (VL pars caudalis) from cerebellum

48
Q

Thalamus convey information from basal ganglia to entire….

A

frontal lobe especially premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex.

49
Q

After outputs were sent to thalamus it goes to…

A

Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus (centromedian and parafascicular) project back to striatum

Mediodorsal nucleus - limbic pathways

To pontomedullary reticular formation
influencing reticulospinal tract
To superior colliculus - influencing tectospinal tract

50
Q

from striatum directly to GPi or substantia nigra pars reticulata

A

Direct pathway

51
Q

striatum to GPe to STN to GPI

A

Indirect pathway

52
Q

The net effect of direct pathway

A

excitatory which facilitates movement in targeted muscles/ wanted movements

53
Q

Indirect pathway and Hyperdirect pathway

A

Inhibitory = inhibition of unwanted movement

54
Q

Net effect of both pathway

A

Coordinated, smooth movement

55
Q

Activates ST directly from motor cortex without intervening striatum
Inhibitory

A

Hyperdirect pathway

56
Q

Rom cortex to subthalamic nucleus to striatum
STN releases glutamate to GPi and SNR which will stimulate cortex

A

Hyperdirect pathway

57
Q

excitatory; stimulates adenyl cyclase; stimulates the direct pathway

A

D1 receptor

58
Q

inhibitory; inhibits the indirect pathway

A

D2 receptor

59
Q

TRIAD for parkinson’s disease

A

Bradykinesia, Rigidity and Rest Tremor

60
Q

Dopamine-containing neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta degenerate

A

Parkinson’s Disease

61
Q

Increase inhibition of thalamic nuclei and reduce excitation of cortical motor system

A

Parkinson’s Disease

62
Q

Degeneration of striatal neurons
Indirect pathway is more severely affected

A

Huntington’s Disease

63
Q

Regulation of eye movements

A

Oculomotor Channel (VA, MD)

64
Q

Limbic regulation of emotions and motivational drives

A

Limbic Channel (MD, VA)

65
Q

“Brake and Switch” concept of movement

A

Motor Channel (VI, VA)

66
Q

Passes slightly rostrally as it loops around the inferior medial edge of the internal capsule, and it then turns back towards the thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis

66
Q

Sweeps around the internal capsule

A

Ansa lenticularis

67
Q

Traverse the internal capsule in a number of small fascicles and then continues medially and caudally to join the ansa in the prerubral field

A

Fasciculus lenticularis

68
Q

Penetrate straight through the internal capsule

A

Fasciculus lenticularis

69
Q

Looping course ventrally under the internal capsule before passing dorsally to thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis

70
Q

Then pass dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus and ventral to the zona incerta before turning superiorly and laterally to enter the thalamus

A

Fasciculus lenticularis

71
Q

thalamic fasciculus

A

H1

72
Q

lenticular fasciculus that is dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus

A

H2

73
Q

carries fibers of the indirect pathway from GPe and STN, and from STN to GPi

A

Subthalamic fasciculus

74
Q

region where the ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus join together

A

H (prerubral field)

75
Q

Brake

A

tonic inhibitory action preventing unwanted motor activity

76
Q

Switch

A

select which of the available motor programs will be active at a given time

77
Q

FUNCTIONAS OF BASAL GANGLIA

A

Acts as “brake or switch”

Initiation, sequencing, modulation of motor activity (motor programming)

Participate in constant priming of motor systems for rapid execution of motor acts without premeditation

78
Q

corticospinal or upper motor neuron pathways (Type of movement disorder)

A

Pyramidal

79
Q

from disorders of basal ganglia

A

Extrapyramidal

80
Q

Unilateral movement disorders

A

Unilateral movement disorders because it crosses

81
Q

Most obvious movement abnormalities cease during sleep except….

A

palatal myoclonus, periodic leg movement of sleep and some tics

82
Q

Increased resistance to passive movement of the limb
Matigas siya all throughout the movement
Vs Spasticity - UMN lesion

A

RIGIDITY

83
Q

more continuous throughout attempts to bend the limb

A

Lead pipe rigidity

84
Q

ratchet-like interruptions in tone

A

Cogwheel rigidity

85
Q

frontal lobe dysfunction actively resist movement of their limbs; more active, inconsistent or almost voluntary quality

A

Paratonia or gegenhalten

86
Q

Assumes abnormal, often distorted positions of limbs, trunk or face that are more sustained or slower than athetosis

A

DYSTONIA

87
Q

Generalized, unilateral or focal

Focal - torticollis, blepharospasms, spasmodic dysphonia, writer’s cramp

Spasm of eyelids - blepharospasms

Generalized - XDP

XDP is generalized type

A

DYSTONIA

88
Q

slow, writhing, twisting movements usually of the fingers and extremities (can also be seen on face, trunk) that sometimes merge with faster choreic movements (choreoathetosis)

A

Athetosis

89
Q

“dance”, characterized by nearly continuous involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, constantly varying quality

A

Chorea

90
Q

Movement of the proximal limb muscles with large-amplitude or more rotatory flinging quality

A

BALLISMUS

91
Q

unilateral flinging movements of extremities contralateral to the lesion in basal ganglia

A

Hemiballismus

92
Q

leading to decreased pallidal inhibition of the thalamus

A

Subthalamic nucleus lesion

93
Q

Becomes subtler choreoathetotic movements over days or weeks after infarct

A

BALLISMUS

94
Q

Sudden brief action preceded by urge to perform it and is followed by a sense of relief
Sequence of movements identical each time

A

TICS

95
Q

more often face or neck, less often extremities

A

Motor tics

96
Q

brief grunts, coughing, sounds, howling, barking or vocalizations (coprolalia - obscene words)

A

Vocal tics

97
Q

persistent motor and vocal tics; most common

A

Tourette’s syndrome

98
Q

Fastest of all movement disorders
Fastest type of motor problem
Sudden, rapid muscular jerk
Shock-like, lightning fast contractions of muscles or groups of muscles

A

MYOCLONUS

99
Q

intermittent brief flexion movements of the wrists bilaterally as patient attempts to hold “stop the traffic” position; caused by brief interruptions in contraction of the wrist extensors = negative myoclonus; hepatic encephalopathy, other metabolic-toxic encephalopathies and other structural lesions of cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits

A

Asterixis (flapping tumor)

100
Q

Causes of myoclonus

A

anoxic brain injury, encephalitis, toxic/metabolic encephalopathies

primary is brain injury

101
Q

most prominent when limbs are relaxed, decreases or stops when patient moves their limbs

A

Resting tremor (3-5Hz)

102
Q

most prominent when limbs are actively held in a position, disappears at rest

A

Postural tremor

103
Q

familial, benign, or senile tremor

Most commonly involves the hands or arms, can also affect jaw, tongue, lips, head, vocal cords and legs or trunk

A

Essential tremor (5-8 Hz)

104
Q

No problem in basal ganglia

A

Physiological tremor (8-13 Hz)

105
Q

occurs as patient attempts to move their limb toward a target and has irregular, oscillating movements in multiple planes throughout trajectory; cerebellar disorder

A

Intention tremor or ataxic tremor (2-4Hz)

106
Q

low amplitude at rest but becomes more violet as limbs are abducted slightly or attempts are made to hold a position or perform a movement

lesion in superior cerebellar peduncle or cerebellar circuitry

A

Rubral tremor (2-4 Hz)

107
Q

marked psychomotor retardation in patients with schizophrenia or severe depression; not a basal ganglia lesion

A

CATATONIA

108
Q
A

NEURO (7 decks)

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