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NEURO > HYPOTHALAMUS > Flashcards

HYPOTHALAMUS Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 embryological pouches of Pituitary Glands?

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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2
Q

Contains axons and terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus

Secrete oxytocin and vasopressin

A

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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3
Q

Contain glandular cells that secrete hormones into circulation

Release is controlled by hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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4
Q

from an evagination of the floor of the developing ventricular system

A

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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5
Q

ectoderm cells on the roof of the developing pharynx that invaginate, forming Rathke’s pouch

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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6
Q

Part of diencephalon

Extends from region of optic chiasm to caudal border of mammillary bodies

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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7
Q

Hypothalamus is ventrally separated from thalamus by a shallow groove on the wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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7
Q

arises from tuber cinereum and continues inferiorly as pituitary stalk

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

region / bulge of tuber cinereum where hypothalamic neurons release regulating factors that are carried by portal vessels to the anterior pituitary

A

Median eminence

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8
Q

hypothalamus is posterior to ______

A

optic chiasm

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8
Q

“gray protuberance”; bulge between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

A

Tuber cinereum

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9
Q

what structure lies within the pituitary fossa

A

Pituitary Gland

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10
Q

saddle shaped depression on the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland;

where pituitary gland lies

A

Sella turcica

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11
Q

beneath the floor of the sella turcica

A

Sphenoid sinus

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12
Q

extension of dura covering the superior portion of the pituitary fossa; through which the pituitary stalk traverses

A

Diaphragma sella

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13
Q

Has opening where pituitary stalk passes throug

A

Diaphragma sella

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14
Q

from optic chiasm to lamina terminalis and anterior commissure

A

Preoptic area

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15
Q

bound laterally by cavernous sinus

Left and right would be cavernous sinus

A

Pituitary fossa

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16
Q

Lie just behind and inferior to the optic chiasm

A

Pituitary fossa

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17
Q

Caudally merges with midbrain tegmentum

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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18
Q

HEAL function of hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis (hunger, thirst, sexual desire, sleep-wake cycle, etc)

Endocrine control via pituitary gland

Autonomic control

Limbic mechanisms

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19
Q

Divided into 3 areas from medial to lateral / coronal section:

A

Periventricuar

Medial

Lateral

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20
Q

structure that lie closest to the 3rd ventricle

A

Periventricular nucleus

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21
Q

Fibers of the fornix pass through the hypothalamus on the way to the mammillary body, dividing it to:

A

Medial hypothalamic area
Lateral hypothalamic area

Note: Medial and lateral zone are divided by fornix (pass through from hippocampus towards mamillary body, towards hypothalamus)

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22
Q

Lateral hypothalamic area has 2 bundles:

A

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus and other smaller nuclei

Medial forebrain bundle

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23
Q

(Bundle of lateral hypothalamic area)
run through the lateral hypothalamic area in the rostrocaudal direction, carry connections to and from the hypothalamus

A

Medial forebrain bundle

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24
Q

Medial Hypothalamic Area is divided into four regions from anterior to posterior

A

Preoptic

Anterior (Supraoptic) region

Middle (Tuberal) Hypothalamic Region

Posterior (Mammillary) Hypothalamic Region

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25
Q

Medial Hypothalamic Area region:

contain oxytocin or vasopressin and project to the posterior pituitary

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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26
Q

Medial Hypothalamic Area region:

lateral and medial preoptic nucleus; rostrally continuations of the lateral and medial hypothalamic areas

A

Preoptic

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26
Q

Medial Hypothalamic Area region:

“master clock” for circadian rhythms; receive inputs from retinal ganglion cells

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

27
Q

Paraventricular nucleus (mainly), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and lateral and posterior hypothalamus

A

HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF ANS

27
Q

project to median eminence to control pituitary

A

Arcuate nucleus

28
Q

Control of autonomic is done mainly by what nucleus

A

Paraventricular nucleus

28
Q

MFB (medial forebrain bundle) has fibers sent to dorsolateral brainstem and periaqueductal gray matter

A

HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF ANS

29
Q

MFB –> preganglionic PSY nuclei –> intermediate zone of the sacral spinal cord

This responsible for_____

A

parasympathetic control

30
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS:
Hippocampal formation projects to mammillary body via

A

fornix

31
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS:
Mammillary body to anterior thalamic nucleus via _________ then project to ________

A

mammillothalamic tract, cingulate gyrus

32
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS:
Amygdala (reciprocal connections) via:

A

Stria terminalis
Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

33
Q

Emotional influence on autonomic pathways, homeostatic pathways including immune system

A

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS

34
Q

Physical expression of emotion
Increase HR and BP, dryness of mouth, flushing or pallor, sweating
increase in ^ when we express emotion

A

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS

35
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS:

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei is for _______

A

RAGE

36
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC-LIMBIC PATHWAYS:

Ventromedial nucleus is for _____

A

passivity

37
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (hunger center lesion will cause ______

A

will cause a decrease body weight because of lack of appetite

38
Q

Medial Hypothalamus (satiety center) lesion will cause specifically ventromedial nucleus _____

A

cause obesity because of continuous eating since the ventromedial nucleus inhibits appetite

39
Q

hormone released by adipose tissue

Binds to Ob receptors in hypothalamus

Reduce appetite

A

Leptin

40
Q

secreted by gastric mucosal cells

Binds hypothalamus

Stimulates appetite

A

Ghrelin

40
Q

activation of osmoreceptors in anterior regions of hypothalamus causes _____

A

Thirst

41
Q

(THERMOREGULATION)

What part of hypothalamus:

detect increased body temperature

Activates heat dissipation

Dilation of skin blood vessels and sweating

A

Anterior hypothalamus

42
Q

(THERMOREGULATION)

What part of hypothalamus:

conserves heat; heat production

Vasoconstriction in skin and

inhibition of sweating, shivering

A

Posterior hypothalamus

43
Q

produced in hypothalamus and released in posterior pituitary

Increase nurturing behaviors

increased in mothers

A

Oxytocin

44
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones produces:

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

45
Q

What controls the hormone production of the anterior pituitary?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

46
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones release:

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin (aka Arginine vasopressin AVP or antidiuretic hormone ADH)

47
Q

The release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by thalamus through _______

A

hypophysial portal system

47
Q

HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL :
SYSTEMPituitary gland receives arterial blood

A

inferior and superior hypophysial arteries

47
Q

HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM:

Neurons lying adjacent to the 3rd ventricle project to the median eminence where they secrete inhibitory and releasing factors through what structures:

A

Arcuate nucleus
Periventricular nucleus
Medial preoptic nucleus
Medial parvocellular portions of the paraventricular nucleus

48
Q

HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM:

Secreted inhibitory and releasing factors are carried by ___________ to anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal veins

49
Q

HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM:

Hormones from pituitary are picked up by secondary _________ and carried by draining veins to the _________

A

secondary capillary plexus, cavernous sinus

50
Q

Passed along axons and released at axon terminals

Absorbed in fenestrated capillaries of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

51
Q

where is Oxytocin and Vasopressin secreted ?

A

posterior pituitary

52
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
(prevents urination)

A

Vasopressin

53
Q

Produced in / released by supraoptic nucleus
Vasoconstriction and anti-diuretic

Increased absorption of water in distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules of kidney

A

Vasopressin

54
Q

Supraoptic nucleus acts as osmoreceptor means….

A

High osmotic pressure of blood – increase vasopressin – increase water reabsorption in kidney

55
Q

Contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus and contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli and ducts of breasts for milk expression

A

Oxytocin

56
Q

regulates release of hormones

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

56
Q

Synthesize vassopresin

A

Supraoptic nucleus

56
Q

Control parasympathetic system

A

Preoptic and anterior nuclei

57
Q

Synthesizes oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleus

58
Q

Regulate temperature (response to heat)

A

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

59
Q

Regulate temperature (response to cold)

A

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

60
Q

Initiate eating and increase food intake (hunger center) and Increase water intake ( thirst center)

A

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

61
Q

Inhibiting intake and decrease food intake

A

Medial hypothalamic nuclei

62
Q

Controls circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

NEURO (7 decks)

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