textiles AS summer exam Flashcards
What does Intellectual property rights mean?
IPR are the rights to a non physical property to protect your designs/inventions for being stolen
Why do business need IPR
they need them to maintain an edge with new inventions, prevents traitors within in the company steeling their ideas meaning they can raise funds to make the invention with having to worry about about it being stolen
Why do consumers need IPR?
consumers need them to insure the quality of the product is up to standard and the real thing, it also
why do designers/inventors need IPR?
Prevent people from steeling their original ideas giving them time to develop them without worrying they are going to be ripped off.
why does society and the economy need IPR?
IPR allows growth in enterprise and creativity, plus innovation and vibrancy within the are, It increases and varies job opportunities. It also gives the area a good reputation of inventors and creative thinkers (like Cambridge or Japan)
What does a patent do
- A patent gives you complete monopoly (control/rights) of an invention.
- It lasts for max of 20 years
- its very expensive and you have to get one for each country.
what does a registration do ?
- A design registration protects the visual appearance of a object.
- last for 5 years from install application but can be updated for up to 25 years
- This includes the shape,configuration, of a 3D design and the pattern of a 2D design
what do design rights do?
- similar to registration but only applys to 2D designs/concepts, protects the shape
- Lasts up to 10 years
- fast and cheep application
- good for fashion and textiles.
what does trademark do?
- Protects any sign, logo, name which can be represented graphically.
- includes company names, branding for goods and services, personal names, identical/specific letter agreements(BBC) and the shape of goods and packaging(coca cola bottle)
what does copyright do?
- Copy right is for artists and authors
- Its a automatic process just right your name and date on the work
- Recognised world wide
- Last up to 70 years form the creoators death.
What are research technques?
they are methods for gathering research
what is primary research?
Primary research is taken by the designers themselves
- questions
- interviews
- asking your target audience
- oberservations, watching people, taking photos.
- product analysis, above the line, below the line
what is Secondary research?
secondary is pre made reached that designers use
- datta bases, anthropermetrics, egronimics
- material propertires,see how much things cost
- find the history of the design
what is above the line?
Above the line are things such as the aethstetics and what the customers required, so for a kettle the above the line features are:
the colour
the shape
the size
what is below the line?
Below the line characteristics are how the way the product works
For a kettle
Materials of the kettle such as plastic or metal
the thermostat
the plug
what are anthropometrics?
Anthropometrics is the study of the sizes of people in relation to products. For example, chairs used in schools need to be suitable for the average size of pupils in the schools.
what are ergonomics?
Ergonomics is the relationship between people and the products which they use.
Anthropometric data is used to help design products to meet ergonomic needs. Ergonomics also considers the force a person can apply, for example when using a tin opener, or the pedals of a car.
What is a specification?
- this is a detailed set of requirements for the product to be designed
- It should include a qualitative and quantitive criteria.
- The specification should be used as a yard stick of success throughout the design and manufacturing process.
What is qualitative data?
qualitative data is subjective, its different opinions and open questions
what is quantitive data?
this data is,numbers and objective, closed answers, facts and figures
what is quantitive testing?
quantitive testing is objective,measurable criteria,. such as:
- The matrial must weigh no more then …
- it has to be ligt enough to…
- related to hardness,mallubility, ductitility.
what is qualitative testing?
qualitative testing will reflet the intended quality of certain aspects of materials, think of a specification:
- The materials must be aethstetcily pleasing
- must be recent
- materials must be bright
what are components?
a component is a part of a finished product/ smaller parts that make up a product.
- They can be different pieces of the product or parts that are used to join pieces together (like nuts and bolts)
- think about ikea and all the different parts (wood and screws)
- for textiles think about buttons or zips or thread
what is joining?
its joining things together
-most products are made from more the one piece of material so when a product is assembled or fabricated the pieces need to be joined together.
what are permanent joints?
permanent joints are things that are meant to stay attached such as stitching, super glue and wielding.
what are temporary joints?
temporary joints are things that are meant to come apart without breaking or damaging the product
- zips
- knock down joints
- velcro
- buttons
what are finishes ?
a finish is the last layer of a product.
- there lots of different types of finishes but they can be organised in two main ways
what are the two different groups you can organise finishes into ?
- applied during manufacture
- applied by the consumer
what are the reasons for the manufacture to apply finishes ?
- for safety reasons, glazes can be toxic
- controls the quality of the product (BMW don’t want people painting there cars and making them look bad)
what are finishes consumers can add?
waterproofing. shoe polish ,paint
reason why finishes are left for the consumers to do?
- could be cheaper for the manufacture
- gives the consumer the choice (ikea future can be painted
what are Smart matrials ?
smart matrials are matirals that react or respond to an extenal stimulus (light,tempreture pressure)
- the change is inherent (part of) the matiral
- it changes becasue the strucutre is changing
what are smart poylmers ?
smart matirals that are made from plastic
what’s a thermochromic polmyers?
a thermochromic polymers are smart matirials that change colour and certain tempretures
-example baby bottles that change colour if the drink is too hot
what does photochromic mean?
things that change colour depdeing on the Uv light
-used for coating lenses to change with the sun.
what are shape memory alloys?
its ap ice of metel that rembers its orgional shape
- after being bent it can retain its origanl shape by being eeted to a certain temprutre
- used to make speical frames
what are Elctroluminesent matirals?
smart matrials that give out light when a electric current is applied to them
- use for siftey signs and high vis jackets
what is mind mapping and why is it useful?
- mind mapping is a diragram used to viasually outline information
- It helps you collect all your thoughts and ideas on one page.
- the focus is in the moodle of the page then you branch out your ideas from there can can link them together
what is SCAMPER?
- subsitutue - what else can be used instead?
- combine- other products, functions, finishes
- adapt- can it be used for something else?
- minumise/maximise- can you make parts bigger or smaller?
- Put to use - new ways to use it
- Elminate/elborate- remove partso f the matrials or refine details on a certain section
- reverse/rearange- trun ut,flip, move different parts around
Using these helps solves any design problems
what is mophilogical analysis and what does it do ?
- Make a table of atributes ( parts,properties, quitilies) pf the prodcut your examining, by using this table you are able to combine atributes
- also known as atribute listing
- use it for a starting point to genrate ideas
what is analogy ?
the comparrsion between one thing and another- looking at other shapes or influnces to gentrate ideas
what is latral thinking?
- thinking outsite the box, avoiding the ovboius and asking question that make you look at it in a newp persepcitve
what does Ergonomics mean and why is it important?
- Ergonomics is the relationship between a client and a product
- its important to consider becasue the deisgn of a product has to work well for the majoirty of the auidience otherwise its uselss,
- it’s what the clinet needs in a proudct
- for example pople prefer their sofas to be made out of feathers then out of wood because it comfier
what are Anthropermetrics and why is it important?
- Anthropermetircs are part of Ergonomics
- Its the study of the size of people in rletation to the product, fidning the avrage so they can produce the prdocut in the most commen size
- for example making chairs for school chilren reques knowing the arvage size of pupils in a school
what is CAD and why does it benifit designers?
- computer aided design is software used to create sketches and 2D/3D models
- it gives you a detaild design of the product without actully making it, letting you look at it at all angles so you can eximine what could go wrong and hwat can be improved
- because its digital its easier to share and email with coworkers
- also because its all digital it saves money because it lets you improve the product before you even make it, saving time and matirals.
what is CAM and how is it benaficual ?
- Computer aided manufautreing means machines that are controlled by computers
- a benifit of ths is that its fast because machines work quikcer the workers
- the product will alsways be made to the smae quiality
- it’s efficant, machines can work 24/7
why is IT used in designing and what is it used for ?
- Its used for spreadsheets,GANNT charts,word procsser and Excel
- Thing such as CAM and CAM are IT that is used for deisgn and manfufactring
- its good becasue quick and afifcant and little room for human error
- saves designs so you can use them again
- easy to share and increases productivity
- disadavantes :sometimes it can be expsensive ot downoad/obtain the software
- requires alot of training and exprience
- can loose work if the computer crashes
what is product anaylsis ?
-its studying how well a product did its job, aksing questions such as: whats its finction and purpose? how do the parts ork together? hows the aethstetic ? what process do you go through? who would buy the product? how well is it selling?
it aloows th deisgner to devlop and apdat their products
what is reverse engineering?
Reverse engineering is a process by which the design of a product is analysed or recreated using a physical part as a starting point. During the design process for a new product, clay models and different types of prototypes will be made in order to test, evaluate and validate the conceptual design.
what are natural materials ?
they are matrials that occur naturually, obtainded or made from living things
descrbie cotten
- natural material
- soft fluufy fibre
- mostly cellulose thats spun into yarn or thread
- used to make soft, breathable textile
describe hardwoods
- produced from angiosperm trees
- woods such as beach,teak and mahgoany
- used for tools, boasts, funature, musical instements, flooring
what are softwoods?
- produced by gymnosperm trees
- woods such as cedar,pine and spurce
- used for boat building, funature and timber framing
describe silver
- soft, white ,lustroius metal
- high thermal and electrical conductivity
- produced as a by prodcut of copper, gold, lead and zinc refining
- used in currncey coins, jewrelly and utensials
what are synthetic materials?
are materials that are made from chemicals
describe acryllic
- synthetic
- fibre that is cut into short stable lengths and spun into yarn to form a strong, warm fabric
- used for jumpers and lining of boots
describe nylon
- thermoplasitc silky material
- cheaper synthetic preplamcent for silk
- used for clothes, caprpets, muiscial strings
describe poylester
- textile with wrinkle resitante, duribilty, and high colour rentetion
- spun together with other fibres to produce fabrics with blended properites
- used in clothing ,bed sheets, convey belts, saftey belts
what are regenrated materials?
a by product of other things (waste) that is brought back from nothing and made into something else
- MDF, chipboard, wood and lgue mixed otgether,its inespensive and dense, used for veenred funitiutre
what is a risk assesemnt ?
a legel requirment for desingers and manufacutres
what are the 5 steps of a risk assemsent ?
- look for hazards
- decide who might be harmed and how
- evaulate the risk and decide on which action is required
- record your findings
- review/reivse your assesement
whats the evaulation of the risk ?
- serverity of the risk (1-5)
- liklyhood of risk (1-5)
risk factor (1-25)
if adds under 7 its ok to move on if over 7 do something to make it less risky
how can you reduce a risk?
- perosnal protective equitment (PPE) googles,masks, hair tyes, saftey shoes, helmets
- training
- ventilation
- reqular maintence of equiment
- written adivice
what is COSHH?
- control of substances hazardess to health
- it covers chemicals, dust and fumes
- its a legal requierment
what is product testing?
Product testing, also called consumer testing or comparative testing, is a process of measuring the properties or performance of products. The theory is that since the advent of mass production manufacturers produce branded products which they assert and advertise to be identical within some technical standard
what does density mean?
- density is a measure of how heavy and object is for a given size
- i.e the mass of material per unit volume
- mention high denity matrials lead
what does electrical resistance mean?
- Electrical resistance is a ratio of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it
- measured in ohms
what does fusibility mean?
-fusion wielding of thermoplastics and metals using parent materials that are mixed in the molten state
what does thermal conductivity mean ?
-reference heat transfer
what does elasticity mean?
The abillity to return back to its original shape after being stretched
-latex, elestic
what does toughness mean?
- tough materials can deform plasticly and absorb s lot of engnry before they break
- nylon
what does durability mean?
- capable of withstanding wear and or decay
- polyester, acrylics and acetate
what does plasticity mean ?
- a material able to undergo permanent deformation under load
- clay,plastic
when designers are testing aesthetic what are they looking for?
- reasearch on customers tastes
- preference to colour,style,form of product
- taking charts with presences, invitews ect
when designers are testing function in products what are they looking for?
- saftey test
- testing its effectiveness in different sittuations (wind tunnel)
- how well the product performs in day to day life
when are designers testing reliability of a product what are they testing for?
- function over a period of time
- a range of consumer feedback systems and rating charts to asses performance within specified market audience
- consumer test to display reiliaviblty.ease of use
what is planned obsolescence?
Built in obsolescence is when a product is designed and made with parts that are known to fail after a specific time. This means a new part or a new product will have to be bought to replace it.
what are the benefits of planned obsolescence ?
- Benifts the consumer because the cost of products are often low and can easily be replaced no need for repairs ,keeps consumers up to date with developing technogly
- benfits the manufacture, production cost is low, and little to no preparers are nesters, life cycle is short, its a known and secure market
what is cell production?
Cell production is a form of team working and helps ensure worker commitment, as each cell is responsible for a complete unit of work
what are the advantages of cell production?
- for a work force, its good for working I’m small teams and sharing responablily, its not as monotonous as an assembly line and skill are utilised
- for a manufacture its good because teams take reposnabilty for all aspects of production ungluing quialiy console, developing workforce skills
what is the life cycle assessment?
- its used to asses the environmental impact of the manufacture and use of different materials and products.
what does rewnewable energy mean ?
Renewable energy sources quickly replenish themselves and can be used again and again. For this reason they are sometimes called infinite energy resources.
- they are more etheical becasue they do not poullete the enviroment
- solar, wind, wave
what are manufacutring systoms?
A wide variety of processes are used during the manufacture of electronic products. The choice of process will depend on the number of products being made and the materials being used.
what is continous flow production?
- is a high low prodcution method where machines run 24/7
- It good because you never run out of certin products such as newspaper and tiolet paper making the protect realy avaivable
- it also brings down the cost becasue its constantly being produced
- disvatnege is hard to change nad takes up alot of enegry and is expsensvie
what is one off production
- when a single product is made, a unques/orginal such as wedding dresses,suits, couture, the eifel tower
- ad: high quality, luxury, mormalyy custom made
- but its often exspenvie
what is batch production?
- where a small quantity of high quaility products are made
- this is good for fad products, something that is rapid in sales then dies down and disapeares
- ad: make as mushc as you need and dosent require skilled workers
- dis: its very laobur intenseive (requires a lot of work and people)
what is mass prodouction
- things such as car, fast food, guns, high street clothing retailers
- make a good use of proudction, each operater doeas the same thing on repat then pass it on to the next person in the production line
- its good for bulk buying materials so its cheeper
- dis: its exspenvie to brgin with and the quailty of the product isn’t guarenteed
what are the advantages of using synthetic plastics ?
- lightness
- recylcing possibilites
- less materials used
- consistent properties/ characteristics for specific use
what information is gained from primary research?
- looking at recovering of what people do and how they behave
- observing the consumers behaviour
- makret researchers can use experiment techniques (product test,taste tests)
- involes questionnaires to consumers
- focus groups and consumer panels
what information is gained form secondary research?
- information regarding materials used in products
- egromicmis and anthropermtric data
- fidning specific data which already exists and is relevant to a new product development
what is a laser cutter?
- a laser cutter uses a laser to cut materials
- its used for industrial manufacturing appliances
- works by directing the output of a high power laser, by computer, at the material to be cut.
- it can cut metals, plastics,textiles
- its good because the material burns away or is blow away by a jet of gas, leaving the edge with a high quailty surface finish
- inudsttial laser cutter are used to cut last sheets of metal.
- but its sut up cost/ scale limitations
what is injection moulding ?
- its a process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic merterials
- the Metrical is fed into a heated barrel,mixed and forced into a mould cavity where it cools and hardens to configuration of the old cavity
- it is used for manufacturing variety of parts, form the smallest component of entire body panels of cars
- Advantages: parts are produced in high volume,finished surface finish,complex parts produced
- dis: Large set up cost,specialised production
what is Fabrication?
– fabrication apllies to building of structures and other equipment, by cutting, shopping and assembling components made from certain materials
- Steel fabrication concentrates on the metal preparation,wielding and assembly of product
- fabrication is the joining of parts by mechanical methods, use of head and use of adhesives
- ad: large sclae production possinle, not expensive to set up on a small scatted
dis: basic surface finshinsh of some materials
what is laminating ?
- it apples to graphic products in the protection of documents
- tihnk lgihtwight polyester knit fabric to a film of polythene in order to create a water barrier
what is casting
- where motion material is poured or forced into a prepared mould to crew a specific shape
- this can be cold (plaster) or hot (bronze)
- hot casting
- as: large scale/volume is possible
- dis:high running costs. surface finish often requeires additional work
what are the benefits of solid modelling to the designer?
- Abilty to see ideas in two and three dimensions/different locations.
- testing prodcut perfromance (mechanism, matericals)
- enable concrurent engineering
- cost lowed by ocntous use
what are the benefits of performance modelling to the manufacturer?
- mould/jig preparation can be simplified
- converstation through to CAM transfer of models to other manfuactin locations
what is a GANTT chart?
- a gaunt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates snd summary elements of a project.
- used for effectively in mapping task, time factor, gives the user a project overview
- referfcne production plan and manufacturing processes
what is a flow chart?
- its a schematic representation of a process.
- Generally the start point, end points, end point,inputs,outputs,possible pasths and decisions that lead to these possible paths are included in the chart.
- used effectivly in elements of a book flow diagram (sytem diagrams), flow prcess diagrams such as material prcessing sytem of instructions for a byciles assembly
what is a critical path analysis
- in project mangment a critical path is the sequence of project network activities with the longest overall duration, determine the shortest time possible to complete the project.
- used effectivly in understanding of the critical path (shortest route), planning the outcome of a project, the overlap of certain actives within a manufacturing process
what is reverse engineering and why is it useful?
- the process of discovering the technological principles of a product/compoment or system
- designer angles its function,structure and operation.
- involves taking something apart and analysing its working in detail- usually with the intention to construct a new device
- the new device does the same thing without actually coing anything form the origioanl
- it show insights such how products function/work
- hidden materials in their construction
what are research techniques?
- finding a variety of information to produce valid and reliable information
- from different places such as libairies,intertnet, data bases, magazines and exabhitions
describe problem solving with details
- invetisation ,teamwork (inc;duing brainstorming)
- research,modelling,protoptying and trilling
- its the process of innerervation- coaborative and commercial approaches; the development of innovative product solutions
why is historical and cultural infulnces important in design
- culture influcnes soicity, what the society belies effect is a dieting is good or bad
- for example red in africa represent mourning but red in china means good fortune
- in japan peaople radiantly sit on the floor whist eating so they have very different furniture to europe
how does reverse engineering help designers?
- to analyse structure and form
- its taking something apart to analyse how it works
- produduct devlepment s more effective and it looks are constant product development
- aobve the line below line
what is concurrent engineering?
- is a method of designing and developing products, in which the different stages run simultaneously, rather than consecutively. It decreases product development time and also the time to market, leading to improved productivity and reduced costs.
- more effective
- saves money
- emprissies tteam qork
what is the births standard institute?
- enforces cetrtain standards products have to pass (specific tests) before the product can be used by a consumer
- childrens toys (are parts too small that they can be swallowed)
- moteercyle (impact tests and strength
smoke alarms (does it work)
what is quality control?
- a process used to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or material
- make sure it meets specific requirements and chartertisc such as is being dependable, satoracrty and safe
- companies tend to have teams testing the quality of their products
what is ethics ?
- its the study of moral dilemas in human actions
ethics in goals
-do you think it creates a better world
-
what is graphic comunitcation ?
- graphic communication involves the use of visual material to relate ideas such as drawings, photographs, slides, and sketches
what is epoxy resin?
an adhesive, plastic, or other material made from a class of synthetic thermosetting polymers containing epoxide groups.
what is kevlar?
Kevlar® is a very strong artificial fibre. It is woven to make a material that is used for light and flexible body armour. It is strong and tough because:
its molecules can pack closely together
there are chemical bonds between adjacent molecu
what are composite materials?
- Composed of two or more materials, that have different properties. The materials are bonded together and their properties are combined.
- steel reoformnaced concrete
- kevlar
what are ferrous metals?
- metals that contain iron
- cast iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel and high speed steel
what does tensile strength and compressive strength mean?
- tensile is resistance of a material breaking under pressure
- compressive is the resticance breaking under pressure
what is an adhesive ?
An adhesive is a substance that will bond surfaces together.
what is JIT
Just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs. This method requires producers to forecast demand accurately.
advances of JIT
- Production runs remain short, which means manufacturers can move from one type of product to another very easily.
- This method reduces costs by eliminating warehouse storage needs.
- Companies also spend less money on raw materials because they buy just enough to make the products and no more.
disadavangted of JIT
The disadvantages of just-in-time inventories involve disruptions in the supply chain. If a supplier of raw materials has a breakdown and cannot deliver the goods on time, one supplier can shut down the entire production process. A sudden order for goods that surpasses expectations may delay delivery of finished products to clients.
what are bought in or part assembled components?
- Bought in or standardised part assembled products are used when manufacturing products because is ensures consistency of the product and saves time and effort for the manufacturers, it is easy to repeat things so you don’t need highly skilled people to make it, it’s much cheaper and can be produced and shipped in bulk which benefits the manufacturers and the consumers.
what materials can you use for modelling?
- Card can be used to make pop-ups, moving models and packaging.
- Balsa wood is used for detail on models and small components.
- Foam boardc an be used for interior-design models and large pieces of packagin
what is a regernated fibre
he fibre is made from cellulose based fibres that originate from plants such as wood pulp
• A regenerated fibre is created by dissolving the cellulose area of a plant fibre then treating it with artificial chemicals to extract the fibre.
• Regenerated fibres are part natural and artificial
-Viscose, Acetate, Modal, Tencel, Trialetate, Lyocell are all Regenerated Fibres
