A LEVEL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
what is primary research?
A
- its first hand data that has been gathered by the designer themselves
- data that has not been gathered before
- this includes surveys list, reverse engineinnering and product analysis
- focus groups
2
Q
what is secondary research?
A
- gathering of existing data that has already been produced
- such as research from the internet, newspapers, books , magazines
- also include, ergonomics and anthropermemntircs, data and cosy, materials to be used, any research that is already out there
3
Q
what is qualitative data ?
A
- information about options and views
- open question information.
- subjective, personal data, can’t be wrong or right
- such open based questionnaires
4
Q
what is quantitive data?
A
- factual information
- numbers and data
- yes or no, closed answers
- qyainties of data, objective
- can be measured
5
Q
what are problem solving strategies?
A
- they are different ways of thinking to try and solve a problem within your deign process
- using different design based techniques to come up with a innovative solution in a organised approach
6
Q
what is brainstorming/ mind mapping?
A
- a process for gnerneting ideas in a group discussion
- group is encrouged to think outlaid and and voice as many ideas as possible no matter how silly or bizzare they might seem
- mind mapping is a visual outline to show information
7
Q
what is modelling and prototyping ?
A
- a scale down representation of the design
- a life size working model
- a life size working model of the design made with cheap materials to test and evaluate the product
- CAD and CAM and rapid prototyping : instant modelling such as a 3d printer
8
Q
random entry idea generating
A
- when the subject thinks of a random item or noun such as a rock and generate ideas around it , so if you are thinking costal and rock you can find a design with that
9
Q
what is lateral thinking ?
A
- thinking outside the box
- a indirect approach to wars the problem
- avoid the obvious think differently and approach the idea in a new way
- for example, a chair with no legs ? it could hover ?
10
Q
what is SCAMPER?
A
- subisitue- what can be used instead, materials, fabrics
- combine, other products and finishes
- adapt, can the pro cut be used for something else
- minimise/mangnify, make any parts bigger or smaller
- Put to use, new ways to use
- eliminate/ elborate, can things be taken away or refined?
- reverse/rearange, moves parts around, flip them, turn them amp side down
11
Q
what is morphological analysis?
A
- make a tablet of artistes of your product, qouuties, functions, parts and this way you can combine them
12
Q
what is an analogy
A
- seeing a simeralitly is some respects from products that are otherwise different
13
Q
what is innovation ?
A
- the action of creating a new method, process or product
- it leads to a positive change in the market
14
Q
what are consumer wants?
A
- parts of the products that will change and evolve due to what the customer wants
- tends to be shaped by the influence by things such has social media media and cultural references
15
Q
what are consumer needs?
A
- this refers to basic human requirements
such as stated needs- a mobile phone
real needs - a low cost
unstated needs - a good service
16
Q
what is a technology push ?
A
- something that the market brings out to the consumers,
- a advance/ redesigning in products such as nintodo bringing out a motion ditector ,
- also includes in designing a products with different materials to make it cheaper/ better
17
Q
what is market pull ?
A
- this is when the wants of the target market change so the product has to change into what they want
- this normally comes when competing products come out with new brands
- also happens when a manufacturer wants to increase their share of a target market
18
Q
what is radical innovation?
A
- this is when completely new products are designed
- this requires new research, knowledge and resources
- the aim is to bring out new products that makes comports products obsolete
19
Q
what is incremental improvements ?
A
- this is where products change over time to meet the market pull and technoqyaly push
- built from existing knowledge and research and adapts to the target market needs/ wants
- for example the elopement of the iPhone
- tends to happen when previous products start to decrease or computers bring out new products
20
Q
what is ergonomics?
A
- its the rletionshiop between people and the products they use
- for example the force applied to a tin opener
21
Q
what is anthropometrics ?
A
- the study of size in relation to people
- fro example chairs in a primary school size
- started by napoleons army
- use the medium measurement
- used from the 5th and 95th percentile range
22
Q
psychology in ergonomics
A
- scientific study of the human mind
- poor design makes the products difficult/ unsafe
23
Q
physiology in ergonomics
A
- study of the strength and movement in the human body
24
Q
what is a specification ?
A
- its a detailed set of requimoemnts for a product to new designed
25
Q
what is CAD? names the pros and cons
A
- computer aided design, designing products on computers
- creating 2d and 3d object of the use of computers
- pros: very quick and accurate, easy to make alterations,
- good for sharing eaisly
- cons: viruses, cost for hardware, training and have to rely on having power
26
Q
what is a formative assessment ?
A
- formative evualtion is about the porcesss of collecting idata to improve the effectiveness of instruction and your design
27
Q
what is a summative assessment
A
- the process of collecting data to make dessicions about the continued used of instructions and your design
28
Q
what is product analysis ?
A
- studying how well the product does its job
- its function, purpose, how parts work together, who would buy it, how well it does its job
29
Q
what is product development ?
A
- the creation of a product with a new or different characteristic that benfisgt and improves the product in some way to the consumer
30
Q
what is reverse engineering ?
A
- the deconstruction of a product so the designer can figure out how it is made
31
Q
what is planned obsolescence
A
- products that are designed to expire after a certain amount of time, such as seasonal clothing and iPhones
- good because it keeps the consumer up to date with newest trends and keeps up compositions with manufacutrs
- bad because its wasteful and polluting
32
Q
things you have to think about when developing a product
A
- eco friendly issue, recycling and pollution
- fairtrade and work conditions
- efficaancy, size and weight
- changes in fashion/ styling
33
Q
what are the four stages of a product life cycle?
A
- introduction , the researching, developing g and releaseof the product into the market
- growth, the rise of sales of the products as it becomes more popular, sales at the fastest rate
- mature, the peak of the products sales, near their highest but rate of sales is slowing down
- decline, final stage of sales when products start to decline
34
Q
what is a LCA?
A
- life cycle assessment
- studies the envimemental aspects and poetical impacts throughout a porducts life cycle, from the raw mateirals, thorugh production, use and disposal
- cradle to grave
- the obecjtive is too minimill the waste of material and increase the substantibily of the product
35
Q
what does a LCA help ?
A
- can be known as cradle to cradle if all parts are recycled
- makes designers think about materials they use such as the extraction of raw materials
- regulates environmental footprint
- reduce of waste, using bio digradble and recyclable materials
36
Q
what does sustainability mean ?
A
- a development that meets the needs off the present with out comprising the needs of future generation
- reliable eco friendly products
37
Q
what is renwneble energy ?
A
- energy sources that are renal and do not pollute the environment
38
Q
name and describe some rewneible energy sources ?
A
- solar, ehngnery form sunlight turned into elcitrictiy. good because you can have it early in homes, creates eclricity and water and is low mainance but can be expensive to set up and has a low conversion rate and is effected by the climate/ season
- wind. wind turbines create elciercitiy: good for a constant engnergy supply, its not polluting and efficient but it can be noisy and its expensive to set up
- wave: movement of seawater turns turbines: good because widely arable esspaculy for island country, hidden in sight and non polulliting, and constant supply. bad because its epsnesive and poeotnally hazardous to marine life, unreliable depending on tides
39
Q
what ethical values does the designer and manufaucutr have to consider ?
A
- cultural
- economic
- environmental
- ethical
- moral
- political
- social
40
Q
what are IPR?
A
- intellectual property rights
- its the licence to non physical, non tangible property such has ideas and designs
41
Q
why do we need IPR
A
- for buisneess
- consumers
- designers, invnetuer, entrpneaurs
- society the economy
42
Q
what is a patent?
A
- the complete rights and exclusive use and production of an invention
- lasts max 20 years and renewed annually
- property that can be sold, hired or bought
- gives owner sole right to make, sell and use invention
- have to get one in every country
43
Q
what is design registration ?
A
- protects the visual appearance of an object
- such as logos (nike tick) and shape (iPhone buttons)
- lasts up to 5 years but can be extended for up to 25 years
- property can be bought, sold, hired
- inclues 3d items such as shape and configuarition
44
Q
what is design rights?
A
- similar to design registration but only for 2d things
- for decoration pattern and configuration
- can be bought, sold or hired
- fast and cheep used for textiles (Cath kinston patterns)
- last up to 10 years but can be renewed
45
Q
what is trademark ?
A
- any sign, logo, brand image which can be presented graphically
- includes companies and branding for goods and services
- such as logs and colour placements and lettering (BBC)
- also inlclues personal name
- revisited for 10 years but can be renewed
- bought, sold hired
46
Q
what is copyright ?
A
- protects origional wiremen, musical, dramatic, and artistic work, including webistes
- automatic process, just sign name and date
- recognised world wide
- free
- can be bought, sold, hired
- last up to 70 years from creators death
47
Q
what is BSI
A
- British standards institution
- helps organisations showing them how to improve performance, reduce risk and aeachvie substnable growth in their business
- quality, environments, health and safety, seucturiy
- the sign for BSI approved goods its the kite mark symbol
48
Q
what is the ISO?
A
- international standards organisation
- its composed from various national standards organisations
- voers quaintly, evnimmental, county codes, food safe, social resnalbitly and risk management
49
Q
what is above the line ?
A
- all the elements of the products that are visible to the consumer
- aesthetics, function, performance, ergonomics, quaintly, finish, reailbitiyl, cost, safety, packaging, maintenance
50
Q
what is below the line ?
A
- any technical features that are not obis to the consumers
- materials, manufacturing porcueeses, assembly, components, tehcnolalgy, economics
51
Q
what are natural materials?
A
- any product that comes from plant, animal or the grounds
- products that occur naturally
52
Q
what are pure metals?
A
- natural material
- extracted by mining a smelting (over 1000 c) ore to biotin pure metal
- such as copper, tin , silver and gold
53
Q
name properties of copper
A
- ductile and malleable
- excellent conductor of heat and elcircity
- uses for wiring and pans
54
Q
name the properties of cotton
A
- picked and spun from seedpods of cotton plant
- soft and breathable material
- used for denim and corduroy, socks, t shitys and sheets
55
Q
name properties of linen
A
- made from fibres of a flax plant
- strong, absorbent, cool, non elastic makes line clothes wrinkle easily
56
Q
name properties off silk
A
- obtained from the canon of a silk worm
- light,fine ,strong and warm
57
Q
name properties of wool
A
- comes from sheep
- spun into an elastic
- absorbent, fire retarding and warm thread
- used in carpets, insulation, jumpers and blankets
58
Q
name the properties of silver and gold
A
- ductule, malleable, resists corrostion
- rare and valve, jewerly and finishes
59
Q
what are ceramics ?
A
- natural material
- hard brittle and good resistance to tmepreautre , insulated to elecitricty
- come from the ground and arefired at high tmepreautre 2000 c
- things such as glass and clay
60
Q
what is soft wood?
A
- coniferous trees
- grow in cold climates , scandanaiva , Russia, canada
- fast growing 20 years plus
- inexpensive, farmed
- lighter colour, straight grain
- widly avablibe, substanble, rewniable
- pine, larch and redwood, used fro roof structures, floor boards
61
Q
what is hardwood ?
A
- deciduous trees
- shed their leaves in winter
- slow growing, 50 years plus
- rewnenable if farmed
- range in colour and grain
- hard and more durable
- more expensive
- mahogany - funautre
- oak, timber frames
- tropical climates, Europe, dental America, africa, Far East
62
Q
what are regenerated materials?
A
- a material that has been made from another raw material
- tends to be from waist products such as woodchips
- could of been recalled or needed bonding
63
Q
define blackboards
A
- wood based panels composed of softwood strips that have been glued together
- used for inters such as doors, tables, shelves
64
Q
define cellulose- based board (card)
A
- organic compound obtained from wood pulp and cotton
- used to price paper
65
Q
define chipboard
A
lightweight materials composed of wood chips and saw mill shavings and saw dust
- used for flat pack funiture
66
Q
define MDF
A
- mix of wood shaving and glue
- inexpensive and makes rigdard boars
- clipboards
67
Q
definition of joining
A
- to put or bring together as to make a continuous or form a unit
68
Q
what is a knock down joint ?
A
- used to join two pieces of material together (wood) by using a wood or plastic block and screws
- the block is placed in the corner where the two parts join and the screws are in on each side to temreproly hold in place
- commonly used in flat pack funtiure
69
Q
define pins and tacking
A
- used in tecxtiles
- to tmerpely join material together before it is peronantly joined
70
Q
what is fusing?
A
- permeant joining
- used in textiles
- using a adhesive resin to join two pieces together
- stenghtsens and enforces material
71
Q
what is heat sealing ?
A
- permanent joining
- used for authentic plastics that contain thermoplastic fibres
- join two pieces without sewing
- makes no gaps in material, ideal fro waterproof materials
72
Q
what is a dowel joint
A
- permeant joining
- used in flat pack furniture
- holes in each section of the wood and joining it with dowel pegs and glued together each side
73
Q
what are rivets ?
A
- permanent joining
- used to join metal, woods and plastics
- a hole is drilled through all joining materials and a rivet is placed in and beaten into as dome to ensure nothing comes out
74
Q
define components
A
- smaller parts that make up products and make products more complex
- zips, beads, buttons
- catches and hinges
- often pre manfuacuted and brought in
75
Q
what is interacting with the user and equipment ?
A
- the way a person uses the profit and how well the work together
- the equipment must work well with the profit and the user
- examples: the size of a hand and the force of the grip.
- weight, a six year old should be able to hold their nike over their head
76
Q
interaction with environment ?
A
- easy interactions with the ergonomics and envorment allow products to run smoothly
- checkouts have the scanner low so the cashier does not have to lift any goods
77
Q
health and safety in products
A
.- there are laws provided by the government to ensure products are safe for the consumers
78
Q
whats the trade description act of 1988
A
- not allowed to false advertise of claim things that have not been tested
- claiming something is waterproof with out actually testing it
79
Q
whats the textile products regulation of 1986
A
- fibre content must be accoutre with a 3 percent leeway
80
Q
The weight and measures act of 1985 and 1987
A
- all sizes stated must be accurate
81
Q
what is a risk assessment ?
A
- a way to identify simple measures to reduce risk in the workplace
- needs to be written if there is 5 or more people working for the business
- sets rules such as tying hear back, wearing gloves and goggles
82
Q
what is IT used for ?
A
spreadsheets, (Gantt charts) word processor and excel (questionnaires)
83
Q
What is CAM?
A
- computer aided manufacture
- laser cutter, 3d printer, used in factory’s to manufacture things
84
Q
Advantages of IT
A
- quick and accurate
- less room for human error
- saves designs s oyu can use them
- good for sharing data
- ease of storage and access
- increased productivity
85
Q
disadvantages of IT
A
- expensive to invest and instal
- requires a lot of training and experience
- less staff so poetical jobs lost
- long term health issues if being surrounded by copper all day
- can loose work if systems are not backed up
86
Q
mass production
A
- large quantities of products
- continuous 24/7
- socks, newsparpts
- low cost
- low skill needed
87
Q
batch product
A
- a set quantity of product is made
- used for seasonal and limited edition prodcuts
- requires a high level of design
- cheaper the one off
- designed to fit a range of sizes and standards
88
Q
one off production
A
- highly designed and made prodcut
- things such as wedding dresses and tailored suits
- requires a lot of skill and time
- very expensive
89
Q
what is job production ?
A
- where one item is made
- either made form one person start to finish or a group of people working on different parts
90
Q
what is cell production ?
A
- where one cell will carry out a specific part in the production line, for example one group attaches the wheels to the car
91
Q
what is just in time
A
- where compares only receive goods when they need it fro production
- saves money and increases efficacy
- means no inventory costs
92
Q
what is a flow chart?
A
- a diagram that shows the process of manufacturing
- boxes that are connected with arrows
- they are nprotant to show the solutions of design problems
- also illiratue quality control and assurance
93
Q
what is a Gantt chart?
A
- a type of bar chart which shows the Schulz for manufacturing and when steps should be completed by and what time they were actually completed
- keeps people on schedule
94
Q
what is critical path analysis ?
A
- similar to flow chart
- allows designer to see what heeds to be done and when it needs to be completed
95
Q
what is a specification ?
A
- detailed information that guides the designer on what needs to be designed
- helps generates testing, ideas, purpose, user requirements, aesthetic ect
96
Q
what is design history ?
A
- looking st existing and past products to see what the market is missing
- allows you to fill gaps and notice trends and to understand products and how they evolve
97
Q
what are techniqual textiles
A
- textiles that have been delved for their performance and functional properites
- uasslly made out of microfibre
- aesthetics are not inoportant
98
Q
examples of tehcniqual textiles
A
- super absorbent medical textiles - nappies, dressing and wipes
- kevlar used in body armour and bullet proof vests
- gortex - water repellent and wind proof
99
Q
what are smart materials ?
A
- materials that have properties that react to their external environment such as light , pressure, eclitricity
100
Q
what are shape memory alloys?
A
- can be bent into any shape and when heated into a certain tmerpeutruev it will return to its original form
- used for glasses frames
101
Q
what are thermochromic materials?
A
- materials that change colour as the temperature changes
- used in food packaging to show you when the food is cooked to the right temperature
102
Q
what are photochromic materials
A
- materials that change colour depending on the light condition
- tinted glasses that change according to light
103
Q
what are synthetic materials ?
A
-sythetic fibres are textiles that are man made
104
Q
name properties of polyester
A
- synthetic material
- very strong, durable,
- resistant to chemicals, stretching, shrinking, wrinkling
- mainly used in clothing, ropes and now PET bottles
105
Q
name properties of Nylon
A
- synthetic material
- high tenacity
- scrape resistant
- added to wool to increase strength
- used for millatery clothing
106
Q
properties acetate
A
- synthetic material
- luxoroius in look and feel
- range of colours
- good draping qualities
- soft fast drying and resistant to shrinkage
- used for blouses and bedsheets
107
Q
properties of PVC
A
- resistant to weathering, verisitle
- can be rigid of flexible
- fire resistant and recylce
- used for roofing, windows, cables, bottles
108
Q
properties of viscose
A
- absorbant, non static, breathable
- used for curtains, lining, shirts
109
Q
properties of acrylic
A
- low absorbency, fast drying
- good strength, crease resistant
- theromoplastic
- syhtnetic matieral
- used for blankets, curtains, furnishing fabrics
110
Q
properties of polyester
A
- synthetic maiteral
- plastic
- non absorbant, very strong
- good abrasion and teat resistant
- water replant and good heat resistance
- caprapts, rainwear, net curtains, sports wear
111
Q
what `re the 5 steps in a risk assessment ?
A
1- identify hazard, anything that could cause harm 2- decide who may be harmed and how 3- asses the risk and take action 4- make a record of your findings 5- review the risk assessment
112
Q
assembly in manfucauting
A
- the assembly of a garment will depend on the production type as different methods are used depending on the demand and how long they have for the manufacturing stage
113
Q
finishing in manufacturing
A
- a quality check on finished garments in the batch to see how well they overall are finished and if any damage has been caused to the garment during assembly
- stops faulty garments and saves money loss
114
Q
packaging and labelling in manufacturing
A
- decide by the marketing team to be appealing but also have to be safe and effticive for the products
- label has to consist of aporia info that the customer needs to know
- such as machine wash, meeprtures , keep away from fire ect
115
Q
what is quality assurance ?
A
- making sure the product is the best quietly that can be achieved
- throughout all stages the quietly will be checked to make sure it is as high as it can be
116
Q
what is quality control ?
A
- checking during the making of a product to make sure it is meeting certain standards
