🗺️ Textbook Outline for 9.5 - The Rise of Islam in Africa and India 🗺️ Flashcards
Define Bedouin
Nomadic Peoples who came originally from the northern part of the peninsula
Sheikh
Ruling member of the tribe
Describe the Ka’aba
Massive black meteorite, housed in central shrine
What is tricky in studying Muhammad’s early life
Almost no verifiable evidence relating to his early life
Describe four facts about his early life
1) Born in Mecca
2) Orphaned at age 6
3) Grew up to become a caravan manager
4) Married a rich widow
What is the link between monotheism and Allah
Monotheism is believing in one God. Allah was that one all-powerful being who created the universe and everything in it
How is Islam different from Christianity and Judaism in regards to its founder
Islam makes no claim to the divinity of its founder
Describe the Qu’ran
It was a scared book from Islam established after Muhammeds death
List the 5 Pillars
1) Pray 5 times a day
2) Give alms to the poor
3) Repeat Allah is God; Muhammed in his prophet
4) Haji once in your lifetime
5) Fast during holy month of Ramadan
Define Ulama
A panel of Muslim scholars
Define Hadith
Collection of the sayings of the Prophet that was used to supplement of the revelations contained in the holy scriptures
What are three strict rules that Muslims abide by?
1) Forbidden to gamble
2) Forbidden to eat pork, drink alcoholic beverages
3) Forbidden to engage in dishonest behavior
What was the controversy after the death of Muhammed?
Who should fill in next Muhammad had several daughters. The Muslims never agreed on whether he named a successor. Muhammed left no sons
Define Caliph
Temporal Leader of the Islamic community
Define Imam
Religious leader
Why was Abu Bakr chosen as the next leader of Islam?
A number of Muhammed close followers selected Abu Bakr who was a wealthy merchant from Medina who was Muhammad’s father in law and one of his first supporters
Why is Jihad a tough term to use?
It has multiple meanings
Describe the Shi’ites
Felt that the caliph should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. They viewed him as a leader, not as a religious authority
Describe Sunni
Argued that the only true successors to the prophet were descendants of Muhammads daughter and son-in-law, Fatima and Ali. Descendants were also considered to be divinely inspired
Why were the Abbasids the most prosperous periods in Middle Eastern history
Trade flourished, also in China
Give 2 examples of naval technology that allowed Arabs to be masters in trade
-Ship
-Camel Caravans
Define egalitarian
All people are equal
List 2 ways in which Islamic society was NOT egalitarian
1) They had slaves
2) They had upper classes
Mathematics
-Decimal System
-Numerical System
-Use of Zero
-Mathematical Discipline of Algebra
-Simplified numerals
Astronomy
-Study position of stars
-Earth was round
-World map
-Instrument so sailors can tract their position by stars
Optics/Chemistry
-Developed medicine as distinctive field of science inquiry
-Complied medical encyclopedia
-Continuous nature of certain diseases
-Spread of contaminated water
Art/Architecture
-Developed sense of rhythm and abstraction
-Monuments
-Spinning and weaving cloth for clothes
-Rugs
-Paintings
Describe the diversity of the land in Africa
1) North - Mountainous
2) South - Great Desert
3) East - Nile River
Describe early Nubia
Domesticated animals, they supplemented their diet by gathering wild grains
How did the desiccation of the Sahara impact Nubians
It created lakes and ponds. Cause of this people were able to provide for themselves like fishing
Describe the location of Kush
South of Egypt in Nubia
How did Axum garner wealth?
Exported ivory, frankincense, mryth and slaves while its primary imports were textiles, metal goods, wine and olive oil
Describe religion in Axum
Rulers claimed descent from King Solomon, Rulers adapted Christianity
Describe the location of the Bantu
South of Axum along shores of the Indian Ocean inland plateau that stretches from mountains of Ethiopia
Define Subsistence Farming
Nearly all of the crops goes to the farmers family
Describe Pantheism
Belief in a single creator of god from whom all things came
Define Lineage Group
Clan, group could trace itself back to a founding ancestor or group of ancestors
What group gave Africa its name?
Roman’s
Describe Oral Tradition
Cultural and historical passed down through word of mouth
List 4 commercial centers of trade
1) Mombasa
2) Pemba
3) Zanzibar
4) Kilwa
Why was Kilwa so impressive according to Ibn Battuta
All of its structures, all of its wood and the ceilings of its houses are of reeds. One impressive structure was Husini Kubwa, a massive palace
Ghana (DATE)
5th century
Ghana (LOCATION)
Upper Niger Valley
What was the major resource that generated the most wealth for Ghana
GOLD
Define Bazaar
Market in the Middle East
How did the Kings of Ghana rule?
Taxed merchants as well as farmers and the produces. Ruled by divine right and was assisted by a hereditary aristocracy composed of the leading member
How did Mali build its wealth
Gold trade
Define Mansa
Farmers lived in villages ruled by a local chieftain
Mansa Musa DATE
1312- 1337
What was Mansa Musa’s major contribuation to Mali
Strongly encouraged the building of the mosque and the study of Qua’arn in his kingdom and imported scholars and books to introduce his subjects to the message of Allah
Describe Timbuktu
Most storied of the cities that emerged under kingdom of Mali
What is difficult about generalizing African history
Because of the extreme diversity of the continent and in habits
How did most Africans live?
Small rural village. They lived in small round huts constructed by packed mud and topped with conical thatch roof
What was the role of women in early African villages
Women often worked in fields. In some communities the women specialized in commercial activities. In northern Africa young girls were sent to mines to extract gold because of their smaller physiques
Define Nuclear Family
Mother, Father, Children
Matrilinear
Female dominated societies
Patrilinear
Male dominated societies
What was different about gender in Africa in comparison to other parts of the world like the Middle East
They were more relaxed compared to other places
Contrary to popular belief; why did slavery start in Africa
It had been practiced in Africa since ancient times and probably originated when prisoners of war were forced into perpetual servitude
What was life like for a slave in Africa
Life was difficult of an average slave. Living condition were often decent
Describe the Rock Paintings
Looks like it was from Neolithic Revolution. Used mud, blood, pigment (oils). Used hands and sticks to paint. The paintings show Hunting, Gathering, Surviving, Living
What are some other common types of African Art
Early Sculpture, wood carvings, remarkable statues masks and headdresses, music/dance
What function did African music and dance function as
Religious function
What were 2 important features of African music
1) Rhythmic Pattern
2) Integration of voice and instrument into total musical experience
What is a Bard
Professional Storyteller
The Grandeur of the Mughals FOUNDER
Babur
The Grandeur of the Mughals DATE
1483-1530
How was his son Humayan described
Intelligent but Lazy
Akbar DATE
1556 - 1605
How was Akbar described
Illiterate by highly intelligent
Why was “Divine Faith” controversial?
It combined characteristics of several religions with a central belief in the infallibility of all decisions reached by the emperor. Cause of this all different religions believe different things which can lead to conflict
Define Reform
Make changes in order to improve
Jahangir DATES
1605-1628
Aurangzeb DATE
1658 - 1707
How did Aurangzeb come to power?
He had his father imprisoned and he had his brother be put to death
Describe Bedouin life
In early times Bedouins had supported themselves primary by sheepherding or by raiding passing caravans but the Bedouins began to participate in the caravan trade themselves and became major carries of goods
What were four reasons for immediate Muslim expansion
1) Weaker Empires around them
2) United people
3) A strong army
4) Tolerant of other faiths
Although some historians say Muslim conquered territories were ruled harshly; what evidence is shown that they were tolerant
Didn’t have to go to army. They could pay a tax in return for exemption
What does it mean “there is no rigid demarcation between Church and State”
The Islamic doctrine must be consulted to determine questions of politics, economic behavior, civil and crimmal law and social ethics
What were three wealthy cities in the Middle East at this time?
1) Damascus
2) Basra
3) Aden
Philosophy
- Classical texts
- Translated texts into Arabic
Literature
-Arabic poetry
-Wrote books Forty Thieves (adventure stories like Aladdin)
Medicine
-Hospital
-Came up with Germs
-Came up with the words contagious and quarantine
-Using medicine to treat illness
How did Meroe develop in relationship to Kush
Sister, right next to each other. Really similar to each other
Describe Swahili culture
Diverse, traded with Asia and India (different countries and regions rather than 1)
How did Islam differ from early African beliefs
Africa was polytheistic and Islam was monothetic
Why were the Arabs welcomed by most in Northern Africa
Respect African culture and gave them a structure
What were 3 reasons for the decline of Axum
1) Overexploitation of farmland
2) Shift in trade routes
3) Capital moved further away
What were 4 essential products/traded by Axum?
1) Ivory
2) gold
3) Resins
4) Slaves
How was the Axum different regarding religion than its North African neighbors
They were Christian
How did Islam spread to West Africa
Trans-Sahara Trade Routes
Describe 4 different types of distinct architecture in Africa
1) Pyramids
2) Carved Stone Pillars
3) Mud Mosques
4) Morish palaces
Describe the significance of the Epic of Son-Jara
Passed down orally bards for more than 700 years, it related the heroic exploits of Son-Jara
What made Babur powerful in warfare?
He had gun powder
Explain Akbar’s concept of “Social Harmony”
No matter what religion you are you should all get along and respect each other
Describe Jagangir reign
Not being tolerant
What was challenging about Shah Jahan’s initial few years in power when it came to finances
He spent all the money
What piece of architecture was most famous of Shah Jahangir
Taj Muhal
How was Aurangzeb seen as intolerant
Only wanted Muslims in his power
How was Aurangzeb seen as progressive
He got rid of Hindu customs that he thought were ridiculous
