Textbook Notes Flashcards
Trigeminal
V- touch senses (sensory and motor)
Facial
VII-2/3 tongue, tear & expressions (sensory and motor)
vestibulocochlear
VIII-hearing/balance (sensory)
glossopharyngeal
IX- taste, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, pharynx and saliva (sensory and motor)
Vagus
X- taste, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, pharynx, vocalizations and organs input (sensory and motor)
accessory
XI - head and neck (motor)
hypoglossal
XII - tongue movement (motor)
olfactory
I - smells (sensory)
optic
II - eye visuals (sensory)
oculomotor
III - eye movements (motor)
Trochlear
IV - eye movements (motor)
abducens
VI - eye movements (motor)
primary somatosensory cortex
- sensory area
- parietal lobe
- allow pin pointing somatic sense locations
primary visual cortex
- occipital lobe
- sensory area
- visual information/ perception
primary auditory cortex
- sensory area
- temporal lobe
- sound/auditory perception
gustatory cortex
- sensory area
- insula
- taste discrimination/perception
olfactory cortex
- sensory area
- temporal lobe
- smell perception
primary motor cortex
- motor area
- frontal lobe
- voluntary contractions
Broca’s area
- motor area
- frontal lobe
- articulation of speech
somatosensory association area
- association areas
- parietal lobe
- stores past somatic sensory experiences
visual association area
- occipital lobe
- relates present and past visual experiences
- association area
- related to the primary visual cortex
facial recognition area
- association area
- temporal lobe
- related to the visual association area
- stores info about faces
auditory association area
- association area
- temporal lobe
- recognizing sounds
orbitofrontal cortex
- frontal lobe
- identified/discriminants odors
- association area
- related to the olfactory cortex
Werneck’s area
- association area
- temporal lobe
- meanings of words
Common Integrative Area
- parietal lobe
- association area
- formation of thoughts
- moves signals along
- related to the somatosensory, visual and auditory association areas
prefrontal cortex
- association area
- frontal lobe
- personality
- intellect
- learning abilities
- memory recall…
premotor cortex
- association area
- frontal lobe
- learning, motor activities that are complex and sequential
Sensory Coding Aspects
- stimulus modality
- stimulus location
- stimulus intensity
- stimulus duration
stimulus modality
types of sensations communicated with labeled line coding: 1 type of nerve for specific type of stimulus
stimulus location
-topographic pattern: location encoded in the activated receptive fields (not for ears and nose)
-acuity: sharpness of the perception
>size of receptive fields
>lateral inhibition: center gives stronger signal
stimulus intensity
- frequency of action potentials generated in response to stimulus (frequency coding)
- number of sensory receptors activated by the stimulus
stimulus duration
- tonic receptors-> slow adapting
- phasic receptors -> fast adapting
Suppression of pain sensations
-analgesics (conscious)
-anesthetics (unconscious)
-applying mechanical stimulus
-endogenous analgesia system (stimulation causes pain relief)
>endogenous opioids (block Substance P)
Accessory Structures of the eye (le eel)
- eyebrows/eye lashes: protect eye
- eyelids: shade eyes for sleep & protect
- lacrimal apparatus: produce & drains lacrimal fluid/tears
- lacrimal glands: secrete tears (w/ lysozyme) which drain into the nasal cavity via the lacrimal canals & nasolacrimal duct
- extrinsic eye muscles: moves eye
Function Components of the eye - Outer layer
- cornea: admits & refracts light to eye
- sclera: shapes & protect internal eye
Function Components of the eye - Middle layer
- choroid: nourishes retina & absorbs stray light rays
- ciliary body: secretes aqueous humor & shapes lens w/ zonular fibers/suspensory ligaments
- iris: regulates light entry w/ pupil (circular muscles -> contraction & radial muscles cause dilation)
Function Components of the eye - Inner layer
-Retina
>pigmented layer: epithial cells (melanin -> absorbs stray light)
>neural layer: photoreceptors & bipolar cells & ganglion cells
>macula lutea: ability to see straight ahead (contains fovea)
>optic disc: blind spot
-lens: refract light rays
Types of bipolar cells
- bipolar
- horizontal
- amacrine cell (modify signal with lateral inhibition of synapses increases contrast and resolution)
Anterior cavity (eye)
aqueous humor -> supplies O2 & nutrients -> lens & cornea
posterior cavity
vitreous humor -> maintains eye shape & keeps retina attached to choroid
Vision accommodation
- Lens curve to focus more on near objects
- ciliary muscle contract … increase lens tension
Refraction of light rays (eye)
-lens convex light to a focal point
binocular vision
both eyes focus on 1 object
Cerumen
earwax
bony labyrinth
- filled with perilymph fluid
- high in Na+
membranous labyrinth
- filled with endolymph fluid (inside bony labyrinth)
- high in k+
conduction
the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules
-ex: from arm to cooler surfboard & foot on wet sand
convection
- is the transfer of heat between two bodies by currents of moving gas or fluid
- ex: due to cool ocean breeze
radiation
- the energy that is emitted by matter in the form of photons or electromagnetic waves
- ex: from the sun
Evaporation
- transfer of heat by the evaporation of water
- ex: from body surfaces
Body’s internal thermostat
-Hypothalamus:
>preoptic area: receives input from peripheral thermoreceptors (in skin) & central thermoreceptors (hypothalamus)
>heat-losing & heat-promoting: needs to be stimulated by preoptic area but than can change body temperature (ex: increase blood temperature with increased action potentials & vice versa )
Thermoregulation (conversing heat)
- vasoconstriction
- release of epinephrine & norepinephrine:
- shivering
- release of thyroid hormones (TSH)
The capsule of the pacinian corpuscle contributes to adaptation in the following way:
When a stimulus is initially present, the capsule is deformed, the nerve ending is deformed, and a depolarization is generated (the on response); when the stimulus is maintained, the layers of the capsule slip past one another, the nerve ending is no longer deformed, and the depolarization dissipates; when the stimulus is removed, the capsule rebounds, the nerve ending is temporarily deformed, and another depolarization is generated (the off response).
cold receptor channels
TRPM8
Capsaicin (what is it?)
Capsaicin is an ingredient that makes chili peppers painfully hot.
What does Capsaicin activate
Capsaicin activates the TRPV1 channel in polymodal nociceptors, causing a painful sensation.
Primary vs Secondary ending (muscles)
Primary (annulospiral) endings detect changes in muscle length; secondary (flower-spray) endings detect static muscle length.
What component of photopigment absorbs light?
Retinal is the component of a photopigment that absorbs light.
Convergence in the eyes
Convergence increases the light sensitivity but slightly blurs the image that is perceived, so visual acuity is not as sharp compared to when retinal cells have one-to-one synapses.
Purpose of ganglion cell receptive fields
Ganglion cell receptive fields enhance contrast and improve visual acuity
superior olivary nucleus purpose
the part of the auditory pathway that allows a person to locate the source of a sound.
Dual innervation
means that an organ receives neural innervation from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS.
neuroeffector junction (NEJ) vs neuron-to-neuron synapse
two main ways, in NEJ: (1) The axon terminals exhibit varicosities instead of synaptic end bulbs and (2) the neurotransmitter receptors are located along the entire surface of the effector cell instead of being confined to a specific receptor region.
ACh and somatic motor neurons -> excitation?
ACh released by a somatic motor neuron always causes excitation (contraction) of skeletal muscle.
Electrical Synapse
- Cells close together (~ 3 nm) –no synaptic cleft
- Gap junctions formed by proteins -connexins
- Direct communication between cytoplasm of cells
- Provide aqueous channel for molecules (e.g., ions) to pass from cytoplasm of one neuron to cytoplasm of another
- Transmission time fast –instantaneous
- Bidirectional
- Low energy dependence
- Unitary strength
Chemical Synapse
- Synaptic Vesicles Contain Neurotransmitters (NT)•Synaptic cleft 20nm
- Receptors for NT on Postsynaptic Membrane
- Transmission time slower 0.2-0.5 s
- Unidirectional
- Requires energy dependence
- Tunable strength
- Abundant
Visual perception is mediated by
three parallel pathways that process information on motion, depth/form, and colour
