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Neurophysiology > Textbook Notes > Flashcards

Textbook Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Trigeminal

A

V- touch senses (sensory and motor)

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2
Q

Facial

A

VII-2/3 tongue, tear & expressions (sensory and motor)

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3
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

VIII-hearing/balance (sensory)

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4
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

IX- taste, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, pharynx and saliva (sensory and motor)

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5
Q

Vagus

A

X- taste, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, pharynx, vocalizations and organs input (sensory and motor)

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6
Q

accessory

A

XI - head and neck (motor)

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7
Q

hypoglossal

A

XII - tongue movement (motor)

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8
Q

olfactory

A

I - smells (sensory)

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9
Q

optic

A

II - eye visuals (sensory)

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10
Q

oculomotor

A

III - eye movements (motor)

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11
Q

Trochlear

A

IV - eye movements (motor)

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12
Q

abducens

A

VI - eye movements (motor)

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13
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • sensory area
  • parietal lobe
  • allow pin pointing somatic sense locations
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14
Q

primary visual cortex

A
  • occipital lobe
  • sensory area
  • visual information/ perception
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15
Q

primary auditory cortex

A
  • sensory area
  • temporal lobe
  • sound/auditory perception
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16
Q

gustatory cortex

A
  • sensory area
  • insula
  • taste discrimination/perception
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17
Q

olfactory cortex

A
  • sensory area
  • temporal lobe
  • smell perception
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18
Q

primary motor cortex

A
  • motor area
  • frontal lobe
  • voluntary contractions
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19
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • motor area
  • frontal lobe
  • articulation of speech
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20
Q

somatosensory association area

A
  • association areas
  • parietal lobe
  • stores past somatic sensory experiences
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21
Q

visual association area

A
  • occipital lobe
  • relates present and past visual experiences
  • association area
  • related to the primary visual cortex
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22
Q

facial recognition area

A
  • association area
  • temporal lobe
  • related to the visual association area
  • stores info about faces
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23
Q

auditory association area

A
  • association area
  • temporal lobe
  • recognizing sounds
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24
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • frontal lobe
  • identified/discriminants odors
  • association area
  • related to the olfactory cortex
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25
Q

Werneck’s area

A
  • association area
  • temporal lobe
  • meanings of words
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26
Q

Common Integrative Area

A
  • parietal lobe
  • association area
  • formation of thoughts
  • moves signals along
  • related to the somatosensory, visual and auditory association areas
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27
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • association area
  • frontal lobe
  • personality
  • intellect
  • learning abilities
  • memory recall…
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28
Q

premotor cortex

A
  • association area
  • frontal lobe
  • learning, motor activities that are complex and sequential
29
Q

Sensory Coding Aspects

A
  • stimulus modality
  • stimulus location
  • stimulus intensity
  • stimulus duration
30
Q

stimulus modality

A

types of sensations communicated with labeled line coding: 1 type of nerve for specific type of stimulus

31
Q

stimulus location

A

-topographic pattern: location encoded in the activated receptive fields (not for ears and nose)
-acuity: sharpness of the perception
>size of receptive fields
>lateral inhibition: center gives stronger signal

32
Q

stimulus intensity

A
  • frequency of action potentials generated in response to stimulus (frequency coding)
  • number of sensory receptors activated by the stimulus
33
Q

stimulus duration

A
  • tonic receptors-> slow adapting

- phasic receptors -> fast adapting

34
Q

Suppression of pain sensations

A

-analgesics (conscious)
-anesthetics (unconscious)
-applying mechanical stimulus
-endogenous analgesia system (stimulation causes pain relief)
>endogenous opioids (block Substance P)

35
Q

Accessory Structures of the eye (le eel)

A
  • eyebrows/eye lashes: protect eye
  • eyelids: shade eyes for sleep & protect
  • lacrimal apparatus: produce & drains lacrimal fluid/tears
  • lacrimal glands: secrete tears (w/ lysozyme) which drain into the nasal cavity via the lacrimal canals & nasolacrimal duct
  • extrinsic eye muscles: moves eye
36
Q

Function Components of the eye - Outer layer

A
  • cornea: admits & refracts light to eye

- sclera: shapes & protect internal eye

37
Q

Function Components of the eye - Middle layer

A
  • choroid: nourishes retina & absorbs stray light rays
  • ciliary body: secretes aqueous humor & shapes lens w/ zonular fibers/suspensory ligaments
  • iris: regulates light entry w/ pupil (circular muscles -> contraction & radial muscles cause dilation)
38
Q

Function Components of the eye - Inner layer

A

-Retina
>pigmented layer: epithial cells (melanin -> absorbs stray light)
>neural layer: photoreceptors & bipolar cells & ganglion cells
>macula lutea: ability to see straight ahead (contains fovea)
>optic disc: blind spot
-lens: refract light rays

39
Q

Types of bipolar cells

A
  • bipolar
  • horizontal
  • amacrine cell (modify signal with lateral inhibition of synapses increases contrast and resolution)
40
Q

Anterior cavity (eye)

A

aqueous humor -> supplies O2 & nutrients -> lens & cornea

41
Q

posterior cavity

A

vitreous humor -> maintains eye shape & keeps retina attached to choroid

42
Q

Vision accommodation

A
  • Lens curve to focus more on near objects

- ciliary muscle contract … increase lens tension

43
Q

Refraction of light rays (eye)

A

-lens convex light to a focal point

44
Q

binocular vision

A

both eyes focus on 1 object

45
Q

Cerumen

A

earwax

46
Q

bony labyrinth

A
  • filled with perilymph fluid

- high in Na+

47
Q

membranous labyrinth

A
  • filled with endolymph fluid (inside bony labyrinth)

- high in k+

48
Q

conduction

A

the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules
-ex: from arm to cooler surfboard & foot on wet sand

49
Q

convection

A
  • is the transfer of heat between two bodies by currents of moving gas or fluid
  • ex: due to cool ocean breeze
50
Q

radiation

A
  • the energy that is emitted by matter in the form of photons or electromagnetic waves
  • ex: from the sun
51
Q

Evaporation

A
  • transfer of heat by the evaporation of water

- ex: from body surfaces

52
Q

Body’s internal thermostat

A

-Hypothalamus:
>preoptic area: receives input from peripheral thermoreceptors (in skin) & central thermoreceptors (hypothalamus)
>heat-losing & heat-promoting: needs to be stimulated by preoptic area but than can change body temperature (ex: increase blood temperature with increased action potentials & vice versa )

53
Q

Thermoregulation (conversing heat)

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • release of epinephrine & norepinephrine:
  • shivering
  • release of thyroid hormones (TSH)
54
Q

The capsule of the pacinian corpuscle contributes to adaptation in the following way:

A

When a stimulus is initially present, the capsule is deformed, the nerve ending is deformed, and a depolarization is generated (the on response); when the stimulus is maintained, the layers of the capsule slip past one another, the nerve ending is no longer deformed, and the depolarization dissipates; when the stimulus is removed, the capsule rebounds, the nerve ending is temporarily deformed, and another depolarization is generated (the off response).

55
Q

cold receptor channels

A

TRPM8

56
Q

Capsaicin (what is it?)

A

Capsaicin is an ingredient that makes chili peppers painfully hot.

57
Q

What does Capsaicin activate

A

Capsaicin activates the TRPV1 channel in polymodal nociceptors, causing a painful sensation.

58
Q

Primary vs Secondary ending (muscles)

A

Primary (annulospiral) endings detect changes in muscle length; secondary (flower-spray) endings detect static muscle length.

59
Q

What component of photopigment absorbs light?

A

Retinal is the component of a photopigment that absorbs light.

60
Q

Convergence in the eyes

A

Convergence increases the light sensitivity but slightly blurs the image that is perceived, so visual acuity is not as sharp compared to when retinal cells have one-to-one synapses.

61
Q

Purpose of ganglion cell receptive fields

A

Ganglion cell receptive fields enhance contrast and improve visual acuity

62
Q

superior olivary nucleus purpose

A

the part of the auditory pathway that allows a person to locate the source of a sound.

63
Q

Dual innervation

A

means that an organ receives neural innervation from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS.

64
Q

neuroeffector junction (NEJ) vs neuron-to-neuron synapse

A

two main ways, in NEJ: (1) The axon terminals exhibit varicosities instead of synaptic end bulbs and (2) the neurotransmitter receptors are located along the entire surface of the effector cell instead of being confined to a specific receptor region.

65
Q

ACh and somatic motor neurons -> excitation?

A

ACh released by a somatic motor neuron always causes excitation (contraction) of skeletal muscle.

66
Q

Electrical Synapse

A
  • Cells close together (~ 3 nm) –no synaptic cleft
  • Gap junctions formed by proteins -connexins
  • Direct communication between cytoplasm of cells
  • Provide aqueous channel for molecules (e.g., ions) to pass from cytoplasm of one neuron to cytoplasm of another
  • Transmission time fast –instantaneous
  • Bidirectional
  • Low energy dependence
  • Unitary strength
67
Q

Chemical Synapse

A
  • Synaptic Vesicles Contain Neurotransmitters (NT)•Synaptic cleft 20nm
  • Receptors for NT on Postsynaptic Membrane
  • Transmission time slower 0.2-0.5 s
  • Unidirectional
  • Requires energy dependence
  • Tunable strength
  • Abundant
68
Q

Visual perception is mediated by

A

three parallel pathways that process information on motion, depth/form, and colour

Neurophysiology (5 decks)

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