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Microbiology Semester 3 > Textbook Flashcards (theme 1 & 3 Page 1-16) > Flashcards

Textbook Flashcards (theme 1 & 3 Page 1-16)

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1
Q

What biological kingdom do microorganisms belong to

A

Protista

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2
Q

What do microorganisms include

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Viruses
Viroids
Prions

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3
Q

How are microorganisms classified

A

Structure
Chemical composition
Biosynthetic organisation
Genetic organisation

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4
Q

Round bacteria is called

A

Coccus

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5
Q

Rod like bacteria is called

A

Bacillus

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6
Q

Why is the third bacteria shape

A

Spiral

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7
Q

Cocci and bacilli grow in doublets, this is called

A

Diplococci

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8
Q

Cocci and bacteria that grow in chains are called

A

Streptococci

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9
Q

Cocci that grow in clusters are called

A

Staphylococci

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10
Q

What is an example of bacterial species that are pleomorphic

A

Bacteroides

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11
Q

What are pleomorphic bacteria

A

Bacteria of different shapes

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12
Q

What antibiotic can affect cell wall biosynthesis and alter the shape of the bacteria

A

Penicillin

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13
Q

What is the nucleus of bacteria called

A

Nucleoid
Nuclear body

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14
Q

Describe bacterial nucleoid

A

Not in nuclear membrane
No mitotic apparatus

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15
Q

What is the composition of the nucleoid

A

Polyamine and magnesium ions bounds to negatively charged,circular,supercoiled, double stranded DNA, small amounts of RNA, RNA polymerase and other proteins

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16
Q

What does the cytoplasm of bacteria contain

A

Ribosomes
Nutritional storage granules
No organelles

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17
Q

Explain what Bacterial ribosomes consist of

A

70s sedimentation coefficient
30s and 50s subunits
16s, 23s, 5s RNA in subunits

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18
Q

Bacterial ribosome structure

A

If engaged in protein biosynthesis they are membrane bound

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19
Q

Describe how antibiotics affect bacterial ribosomes

A

Protein biosynthesis is inhibited
Some selectively target 70s

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20
Q

What does erythromycin do

A

An antibiotic that targets 70s ribosome

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21
Q

Cytochromes and enzymes of the phospholipid bilayer are part of

A

Electron transport
Oxidative phosphorylation

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22
Q

What constituents of the cell membrane of bacteria are involved in cell wall biosynthesis

A

Carrier lipids
Enzymes
Penicillin binding proteins (PBP)

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23
Q

What other parts of the phospholipid bilayer are there

A

Chemoreceptors
Enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis and DNA replication

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24
Q

Where is the site of action of some antibiotics such as polymyxin

A

Cell membrane

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25
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable
Active transport through membrane bound permeases, binding proteins and transport systems

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26
Q

What are mesosomes

A

Inward foldings of plasma membrane

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27
Q

What is the function of a septal mesosome

A

Connect plasma membrane to nucleoid
Assist in septum formation and replication during cell division

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28
Q

Function of lateral mesosome

A

Made of respiratory enzymes
Similar to eukaryotic mitochondrion

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29
Q

What are plasmids

A

Nonchromosomal double stranded DNA circles

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30
Q

What can plasmids do

A

Self replicate
Can integrate with bacterial DNA

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31
Q

Function of plasmids

A

Genes for antibiotic resistance
Virulence factors
Transmissibility to other bacteria

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32
Q

Virulence is the ability of an organism to infect a host and cause disease, give examples of virulence factors

A

Toxins
Surface coats inhibiting phagocytosis
Surface receptors that bind to hosts

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33
Q

What is conjunction

A

Plasmid transfer from direct physical contact of cells

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34
Q

What are plasmids called when they are used experimentally to clone, transfer and manipulate genes

A

Vectors

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35
Q

What are transposons

A

small parts of DNA that move between bacterial DNA and plasmids

Don’t self replicate

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36
Q

What can code for antibiotic resistant enzymes, metabolic enzymes or toxins in bacteria

A

Transposons

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37
Q

A function of transposons is

A

Altering expression of neighbouring genes or cause mutations for insertion

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38
Q

What is the cell envelope made of

A

Macromolecular layers

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39
Q

An outer membrane layer is found in which type of bacteria

A

Gram negative

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40
Q

What genus of bacteria and other members of of the class mollicutes lack a cell wall and peptidoglycan layer around their cell membrane

A

Mycoplasma

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41
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

Surface layer that covers cell membrane of many bacteria , epithelial and other cells

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42
Q

Cell envelope of bacteria can contain

A

Capsule and glycocalyx layer or both

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43
Q

What part of the cell envelope induce an antibody response

A

Antigens

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44
Q

What does the cell wall refer to

A

External to cytoplasmic membrane
Internal to capsule or glycocalyx

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45
Q

What does the cell wall allow us to deduce

A

Gram staining characteristics
Osmotic protection

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46
Q

What is gram positive bacteria composed of

A

Thick Peptidoglycan layer
Teichoic and teichuronic acids
Polysaccharides

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47
Q

Gram negative bacteria is composed of

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer
Lipoprotein
Outer phospholipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharide

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48
Q

Lists functions of bacterial capsule

A

Inhibits phagocytic uptake in non immune people

Immunogenic

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49
Q

Function of Surface proteins in gram positive bacteria

A

Virulence factors:
Adhesions
Immunogens
Inhibitors of phagocytosis

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50
Q

Where can teichoic acids only be found

A

Gram positive bacteria

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51
Q

The cell wall of gram positive bacteria is made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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52
Q

Describe the structure of peptidoglycan

A

Net like
Gives shape to cell wall
Protection from osmotic shock
May have some teichoic acids anchored

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53
Q

Describe Penicillin binding proteins structure and function

A

They are transpeptidases and carboxytransferases that cross link peptidoglycan components

Involved in biosynthesis of peptidoglycan

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54
Q

Why are lipoteichoic acids attached to

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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55
Q

What is the order of the cell envelope of some gram positive bacteria from apical to basal

A

Capsule
Surface proteins
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane

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56
Q

What is the order of the cell envelope of some gram negative bacteria from apical to basal

A

Capsule
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
Inner membrane

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57
Q

What does the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria do

A

Makes periplasmic space
Has: outer membrane proteins (OMPs) like porins that stop aqueous flow in and out, adhesions and immunogens

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58
Q

Peptidoglycan layer in gram negative bacteria does what

A

Traps or slows components decreased out of inner membrane in periplasmic space

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59
Q

What are beta lactamases

A

Enzymes that inactivate beta lactam antibiotics by hydrolysing peptide bond of 4 membered beta lactam ring, causing resistance

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60
Q

What is an endotoxin and where can it be found

A

A lipopolysaccharide
Structural component of gram negative outer membrane

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61
Q

What is lipid a an it’s function

A

Toxin
When released by dying gram negative cell triggers gram negative symptoms shock

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62
Q

What is the O antigen that is attached to lipid A which is toxic and part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

A polysaccharide that’s immunogenic

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63
Q

Peptidoglycan is found in all bacteria cell walls except

A

Mycoplasma

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64
Q

Other names for peptidoglycan are

A

Mucopeptide
Murein

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65
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan, the backbone and linkages

A

Backbone: Alternating NAG and NAM units
Linkages: identical tetrapeptide side chains

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66
Q

How do the side chains of peptidoglycan link to other layers

A

Side chains are attached to NAM, link to adjacent tetrapeptides by identical peptide cross bridges or direct peptide bonds

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67
Q

What bond is cleaved by bacteriolystic enzyme lysosome

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond between NAM and NAG

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68
Q

What amino acid may peptidoglycan have in it’s structure that is unique to prokaryotic cell walls

A

Diaminopimelic acid

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69
Q

Peptidoglycan is the site of action for certain antibiotics such as

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins

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70
Q

Which bacteria have a larger peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram positive bacteria

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71
Q

Teichoic acid and teichuronic acid are water soluble polymers that contain

A

Ribitol or glycerol residue linked by phosphodieter bonds

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72
Q

Gram positive bacteria cell walls or cell membranes are the only place that contain

A

Teichoic acid and teichuronic acid

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73
Q

teichoic acid are found in gram positive cell walls, what are they chemically bound to

A

Peptidoglycan

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74
Q

Lipoteichoic acid is found in cell membranes of only gram positive bacteria, what is it chemically bound to ?

A

Membrane glycolipids
(Especially in mesosomes)

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75
Q

What is the function of teichoic and teichuronic acid

A

Bacterial surface antigenic determinants

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76
Q

What is the function of lipoteichoic acid

A

Anchors cell wall to cell membrane

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77
Q

Lipoproteins are only found in

A

Gram negative bacteria

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78
Q

Which type of bacteria has lipoproteins

A

Gram negative

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79
Q

What cross links the peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

Lipoproteins

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80
Q

How is the lipoproteins linked to diaminopimelic acid residues of peptidoglycan tetrapeptide side chains

A

Peptide bonds
The lipid portion in noncovalently inserted into outer membrane

81
Q

What is the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria

A

Area between inner and outer membrane

82
Q

What is found in the periplasmic space

A

Hydrated peptidoglycan layer
Hydrolytic enzyme: beta lactamases,
Carrier molecules, oligosaccharides

83
Q

What is different about the hydrophobic outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

Phospholipid of the outer layer are replaced by lipopolysaccharides

84
Q

outer membrane contains

A

Embedded proteins such as matrix porins (nonspecific pores)

85
Q

What other proteins are found in the outer membrane

A

Non pore proteins: phospholipases and proteases

Transport proteins

86
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane

A

Protects cell from harmful enzymes and antibiotics

Prevents leakage of periplasmic proteins

87
Q

Lipopolysaccharide has lipid A, what is it’s structure

A

Long chain fatty acids attached to phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide units, a polysaccharide composed of a core and terminal repeating units

88
Q

What is the charge of lipid A and how is it linked

A

Negative charge

Noncovalently cross-bridged by divalent cations

89
Q

Lipid A is also known as an

A

Endotoxin

90
Q

Lipid A is also known as an

A

Endotoxin

91
Q

What is the function of lipid A

A

Contains major surface antigenic determinants, including O antigen found in polysaccharide part

92
Q

What are protein secretion systems

A

Important in bacteria interacting with their environment, determine pathogenicity especially for gram-negative

93
Q

What are protein secretion systems

A

Important in bacteria interacting with their environment, determine pathogenicity especially from gram-negative

94
Q

How many classes of systems do gram negative bacteria have

A

6 classes of systems

95
Q

What classes do gram positive bacteria have

A

A few of the 6 classes that gram negative have and an additional unique class

96
Q

Give an example of a Bacteria that has more than one type of secretion system in a class

A

Salmonella typhimurium has 2 types of T3SS

97
Q

Give an example of a simple proteins secretion system

A

T1SS
Transporters
outer membranes factors
Membrane fusion proteins

98
Q

T3SS is a more complex protein secretion system because

A

Involves a transmembrane structure, an injectisome that’s consists of more than 25 proteins

99
Q

Why is an injectisome

A

A specialised protein export system used by many gram negative bacteria that deliver virulence proteins into hosts they infect

100
Q

What is the function of protein secretion systems

A

To transport proteins or nucleic acids to outside of cell, periplasm or into host cells

101
Q

Which protein secretion system transports nucleic acids

A

T4SS

102
Q

What do transported proteins of the protein secretion system do

A

Become surface proteins like adhesions or toxins and effector proteins that modify host cell physiology

103
Q

Where are surface proteins found

A

External to cell wall of some gram positive bacteria

104
Q

Why is the function of surface proteins

A

Antiphagocytic

Adhesions that facilitate tissue colonisation with several species like staphylococcus aureus (fibronectin binding proteins) and streptococcus pyogenes (f protein)

105
Q

Describe the capsule

A

Polysaccharide structure surrounding cell
External to cell wall

106
Q

What bacteria does not have a polysaccharide capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

107
Q

What is the capsule of bacillus anthracis made of

A

Poly-D-glutamic acid

108
Q

What is the function of a capsule

A

Protection from phagocytosis
Part of bacterial adherence

109
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

Loose network of polysaccharide fibrils surrounding some bacterial cell walls

110
Q

What synthesis glycocalyx

A

Surface enzymes

111
Q

What is the function of glycocalyx

A

Adhesive properties
Contains antigenic sites

112
Q

What are flagella

A

Protein appendages for locomotion
Contain antigenic determinants

113
Q

What is the structure of flagella

A

Basal body
Hook
flagellin- long filament of polymerised protein

114
Q

What are polar and peritrichous flagella

A

Polar- one area

peritrichous- entire surface

115
Q

What are polos

A

Rigid surface appendages mainly made of pilin protein

116
Q

Common pili are involved in

A

Adhesion
Gram positive cell conjunction

117
Q

Sex pili are involved in

A

Attachment of donor and recipient bacteria in gram negative cell conjunction

118
Q

What is the function of ordinary pili

A

virulence factor (colonisation antigens)
Associated with neisseria gonorrhoeae

119
Q

What may pili confer

A

Antiphagocytic properties like M protein of S. pyogenes

120
Q

What are the general characteristics of endospores

A

Survival response to some adverse nutritional conditions

121
Q

What are endospores

A

Highly retractile and thick walled structures formed in bacterial cells

122
Q

What two bacterial species commonly form endospores

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

123
Q

Bacterial endospores are metabolically inactive simplified forms of the bacteria, what do they consist of

A

DNA genome
Small amount of cytoplasm
Specialised coating

124
Q

What are endospores highly resistant to

A

Desiccation (moisture removal)
Heat
Various chemicals

125
Q

What does the endospores core contain

A

Spore wall
Cortex
Coat
Exosporium

126
Q

What does the endospore core contain that aids in heat resistance

A

Calcium dipicolinate

127
Q

What does the endospore core contain that aids in heat resistance

A

Calcium dipicolinate

128
Q

Endospore function

A

Germinate under favourable nutritional conditions after activation involving damage to spore coat

129
Q

What are biofilms

A

Aggregates of bacterial cells that form in soil, marine environments and medical implant devices

130
Q

What can biofilms do

A

Enhance nutrient uptake

Exclude antimicrobials

131
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary fission

132
Q

How can bacterial growth be measured

A

Cell concentration
Biomass density

133
Q

How can bacterial growth be measured

A

Cell concentration
Biomass density

134
Q

Cell concentrations are measurements of viable cells using which methods

A

Serial dilutions and then colony forming units are determined with an agar surface

135
Q

What measurements are used for cell concentration that include both viable and nonviable cells

A

Turbidimetric density
(Spectrophotometer allow light to pass through, higher the turbidity the higher the concentration)

136
Q

What is the bacterial growth curve

A

Inoculation of bacteria from saturated culture into fresh liquid media

137
Q

How are bacterial growth curves illustrated

A

Plot of logarithmic number of bacteria against time

138
Q

How are bacterial growth curves illustrated

A

Plot of logarithmic number of bacteria against time

139
Q

What is generation time

A

Time needed for cells to double during log phase of growth

140
Q

What are the 4 phases of the bacterial growth curve I

A

Lag
Exponential
Stationary
Death

141
Q

What occurs during the lag phase of the growth curve

A

Metabolite depleted cells adapt to new environment

142
Q

In which phase does the cell biomass get synthesised at a constant rate, cells in this phase are also more susceptible to antibiotics

A

Exponential phase

143
Q

In the stationary phase of the growth curve what do cells do

A

Exhaust nutrients or
Accumulate toxic products

144
Q

Synchronous growth refers to

A

Bacteria in a culture dividing at the same moment.

145
Q

What methods can achieve synchronous growth

A

Thymidine starvation
Alternate low and optional incubation temp
Spore germination
Selective filtration of young & Old cells
Trapped cell filtration

146
Q

Bacterial cultivation refers to

A

Propagation of bacteria

147
Q

What preferences is bacterial cultivation based on

A

Specific pH
Gaseous
Temperature

148
Q

The liquid or agar growth medium used used for bacterial cultivation contains

A

Carbon source r
Nitrogen source
Energy source
Inorganic salts
Growth factors
Electron donors and acceptors

149
Q

What is superoxide disputes

A

An enzyme in
aerobes and
facultative and
aerotolerant anaerobes

150
Q

What does superoxide disputes allow aerobes and others to do

A

To gram in the presences of superoxide free radical (O2-)

151
Q

What reaction does superoxide dismutase carry out

A

2O2- + 2H+ —> H2O2 + O2

152
Q

What is produced in the reaction carried out by superoxide dismutase that is toxic to cells

A

Hydrogen peroxide

153
Q

The hydrogen peroxide produce in the superoxide dismutase reaction is destroyed by

A

Catalyse or
Oxidised by a perioxidase enzyme

154
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Require oxygen for growth
Contain superoxide dismutase, protecting them from O2-

155
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Require oxygen for growth
Contain superoxide dismutase, protecting them from O2-

156
Q

What is the superoxide free radical

A

O2-

157
Q

What is killed by the superoxide free radical

A

Obligate anaerobes

158
Q

When do obligate anaerobes a grow maximally?

A

At a pO2 concentration of less than 0.5% to 3%

159
Q

What do obligate anaerobes lack

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalyse
Cytochrome-C oxidase

160
Q

What type of substance do obligate anaerobes require

A

Hydrogen accepter during generation of metabolic energy

161
Q

The fermentation pathway with distinctive metabolic products is used by which type of bacteria

A

Obligate anaerobes

162
Q

Where can obligate anaerobes be found

A

Gut 1000:1
Mouth 100:1

(Ratio to aerobes)

163
Q

99% of total fecal flora is made of

A

Obligate anaerobes

164
Q

What usually causes poly microbial infections and is foul smelling

A

Obligate anaerobes

165
Q

Obligate anaerobes are usually found near mucosal surfaces but can escape into tissue by

A

GI obstruction or surgery
Diverticulitis
Bronchial obstruction
Turner growth
Ulceration of intestinal tract by chemo

166
Q

Facultative aerobes can grow

A

In the absence and presence of oxygen

167
Q

Facultative aerobes can grow

A

In the absence and presence of oxygen

168
Q

In the presence of air, facultative aerobes

A

Shift from fermentation to respiratory metabolism

169
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria are

A

Facultative bacteria

170
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria are

A

Facultative bacteria

171
Q

How are the energy needs of facultative aerobes met

A

They consume less glucose under respiratory metabolism than fermentation ( Pasteur effect )

172
Q

What is different about aerotolerant bacteria from facultative

A

Have fermentation metabolism in and out of oxygen

173
Q

What do heterotrophs require for growth

A

Preformed organic compounds such as sugar and amino acids

174
Q

Autotrophs don’t need preformed organic compounds for growth because

A

They synthesise them from inorganic compounds and carbon dioxide

175
Q

Minimal essential growth medium has only the primary precursor compounds essential for growth so the bacteria must

A

Synthesise most of the organic compounds for growth

Generation time is slow

176
Q

Which bacteria is grown in complex growth medium

A

Fastidious bacteria

177
Q

What is unique about differential growth medium

A

Nutrients and pH indicators allow visual distinction

178
Q

What is used to achieve a selective growth medium

A

Dyes
Sugars
Antibiotics
High salt concentration
pH concentration

179
Q

Bacterial metabolism is the sum of

A

Anabolic processes and catabolic processes

180
Q

What metabolism is exhibited by pathogenic bacteria

A

Heterotrophic

181
Q

What is used in sugar transport of bacterial transport systems

A

Phosphotransferase systems

182
Q

Blood agar is used as a medium for haemolytic bacteria, what are 2 species that are hemolytic

A

Staphylococcal
Streptococcal

183
Q

What causes alpha hemalysis

A

Non lysis damage to RBC, media becomes translucent with green tinge around colonies

184
Q

What is beta hemalysis identified by

A

Lysis of RBC causes media to be transparent around colonies

185
Q

Give example of enteric gram negative rods

A

E.coli
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella
Proteus

186
Q

Which mediums are used for enteric gram negative rods

A

Hektoen-enteric agar
Macconkey agar

187
Q

What does hektoen enteric agar contain that inhibits gram positive bacteria

A

Bile salts
Thiosulfate
Ferric ammonium citrate
Lactose
Sucrose

Lactose and sucrose fermenters are observed and H2S producers are observed

188
Q

Maconkey agar is used for

A

Enteric gram negative rods

189
Q

What is different about maconkey agar from hektoen agar

A

Contains
Crystal violet,
lactose
neutral red pH indicator

190
Q

What do bile salts and crystal violet do

A

Inhibit gram positive bacteria only

191
Q

What gives colonies a colour that determines its species

A

Gram negatives that ferment lactose

192
Q

What medium is mycobacteria grown on

A

Lowenstien-Jensen graft media

193
Q

Now is mycobacteria identified on lowenstein Jensen graft media

A

Glycerated egg potato media with malachite green dye
Penicillin
Nalidixic acid (inhibits gram positive and some gram negative)

194
Q

Thayer martin and martin Lewis media is used for

A

Neisseria species

195
Q

Thayer martin and martin Lewis medium is made of

A

Blood again
Gently lysed RBC
Antibiotics to inhibit most normal respiratory and genital flora

196
Q

Fermentation is a method of obtaining metabolic energy defined as

A

Substrate phosphorylation

197
Q

Explain the steps of cell wall synthesis

A

Peptidoglycan subunits synthesised in cytoplasm

Subunits translocated by membrane lipid carrier

Cross linked to existing cell wall by enzymes

198
Q

In cell wall synthesis of gram positive cells, what is involved

A

Covalent linkage of teichoic acid to NAM residues

199
Q

What 3 components are gram negative cell walls made of that are synthesised on or in the cytoplasmic membrane and assembled outside of the cell

A

Lipoprotein
Outer membrane
Liposaccharide

Microbiology Semester 3 (7 decks)

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