Textbook Ch.7 Flashcards
Bone functions include
Muscle attachment, protection, support, blood cell formation, and storage of materials
Articular cartilage
(Hyaline cartilage) that covers the epiphyses
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
Periosteum
Tough layer of vascular connective that covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
Bony processes and grooves do what
Indicate places of attachment for muscles
Compact bone
Makes up the wall of the diaphysis
Osteocytes
Bone cells that are located within lacunae that lie in concentric circles around Haversian canals surrounded by the matrix
Osteocytes do what
Pass nutrients and gases in the matrix through canaliculi
How do bones form
By replacing connective tissue in the fetus, within sheet like
Ayres of connective tissue (intramembranous bones), or replacing masses of cartilage (endochondral bones)
The flat bones of the skull form as intramembranous bones that develop from…
Layers of connective tissue
Most bones fall into what category
Endochondral
They first develop as blank cartilage models and then are replaced with blank
Hyaline; bone
Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down blank outside the blank
Compact bone; spongy bone
Osteoclasts
Break down the calcified matrix and are replaced with bone building osteoblasts that deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Epiphyseal plates are responsible for what
Lengthening bones while increases in thickness are due to intramembranous ossification underneath the periosteum
Explain homeostasis of bone tissue
Osteoclasts tear down and osteoblasts build bone through the lifespan with the processes of resorption and deposition with an average of three to five percent of bone calcium exchanged annually (also destroys tissue such as cancer) (responsible for removing excess tissue)
Bones give shape to
Head, thorax, and limbs
Bones such a such as the pelvis and lower limbs…
Provide support for the body
Bones of the skull protect…
Brain, ears, and eyes
Red marrow
Functions in the formation of red and white blood cells, platelets, and is found in the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis
Yellow marrow
Occupies the cavities of most bones and stores fat
The inorganic matrix of bone stores inorganic mineral salts in the form of blank that is important in many metabolic processes
Calcium phosphate
The axial skeleton consists of
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, vertebrae and intervertebral disks, and thorax (ribs and sternum)
The appendicular skeleton consists of
Pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), upper limbs, pelvic girdle (coxal bones articulating with the sacrum), and lower limbs
The skull is made up of blank bones, including blank cranial bones, blank facial bones, and the mandible
22,8,13
The cranium does what
Encloses and protects the brain, provides attachments for muscles, and contains air filled sinuses that reduce its weight
Features of the frontal bone include supra orbital blank and frontal blanks
Foramina; sinuses
The 13 immovable facial bones and mandible do what
Form the basic face and provide attachments for muscles of mastication and expression
The maxillae form the…
Upper jaw, hard palate, floor of the orbits, and sides of the nasal cavity, house the nasal cavity, and contain large maxillary sinuses
Zygomatic bones make up what
The cheekbones and join with the the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches
Nasal bones form what
The bridge of the nose
The mandible does what
Supports the lower teeth and includes a mandibular condyle, coronoid process, and alveolar arch
Fontanels do what
Aka soft spots aid passage through the birth canal of the infantile skull
Vertical axis
Formed by vertebral column
Cervical vertebrae
7 bones are the smallest of the vertebrae that comprise the neck and support the head
Atlas
Appears as a bony ring and supports head
Axis
Toothlike dens that pivot within the atlas
Bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina
Features that separate cervical vertebrae from the rest
Blank thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs
12
The blank massive lumbar vertebrae…
5; support the weight of the body
Sacrum
Triangular structure at the base of the vertebral column made up of five vertebrae fused into one bone
Coccyx
Lowermost portion of the vertebral column and is composed of four fused vertebrae
Thoracic cage includes
Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages
Thoracic cage supports what
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, functions in breathing, and protects thoracic and upper abdominal organs
There are normally blank pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae
12
True (vertebrosternal) ribs
First seven pairs of ribs that join the sternum directly by their costal cartilages
False ribs
The remaining five pairs of ribs; first three are vertebrochondral and last two are floating
Sternum is located where
Along the anterior midline of the thoracic cage
Sternum consists of what
Upper manubrium, middle body, and, lower zyphoid process
The pectoral girdle is made up of
Two scapulae and two clavicles
Bones of the upper limb form the framework for the…
Arm, forearm, and hand
Humerus
Makes up the upper arm, extending from scapula to elbow
Radius is located where
On thumb side of forearm, extending from elbow to wrist; flattened head of radius pivots with humerus
Ulna
Longer of the two bones making up the forearm and has a trochlear notch that articulates with the humerus
The wrist of the hand is made up of blank carpal bones bound into a carpus
8
The framework of the hand is made up of blank metacarpal bones
5
Fingers are composed of blank phalanges in each finger except thumb which lacks the middle phalanx
3
The pelvic girdle consist of blank coxal bones and the sacrum; it does what
2; it supports the trunk of the body on the lower limbs
Pelvic girdle does what
Protects the lower abdominal and pelvic organs
Coxal bone is made up of what three bones
Ilium, ischium, and pubis and are fused in the region of the acetabulum (cup like depression that articulates with head of femur)
Bones of the lower limb provide framework for…
Thigh, lower leg, and foot
Femur extends from… To…
Hip to knee and is heaviest/ longest bone in body
Patella is located where
In tendon that passes over knee
Tibia
Shinbone; supports weight of body and articulates with femur and with tarsal bones of foot
Fibula
Slender bone lateral to the tibia; does not bear body weight
Lateral malleoulus forms what
Lateral ankle
Ankle is composed of how many tarsal bones
7; forming a tarsus
Talus articulates with
Tibia and fibula
Calcaneus supports
Body weight
Arch
Instep of foot consists of five metatarsal bones
Joints
Aka articulations; functional junctions between bones
Joints enable
A wide variety of body movements
Joints can be…
Immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable
Hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage do what
Unite the bones in cartilaginous joints
Intervertebral disks
Help absorb shock and are slightly movable
Synovial joints
Most joints are synovial, articular ends of bone in synovial joint covered with hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule
Consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue that joins the periosteum and an inner layer made up of synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Lubricates articulating surfaces within joint and has consistency of egg whites
Some synovial joints contain…
Shock absorbing pads of fibrocartilage called menisci
Bursae
Fluid filled sacs at synovial joints
Know shapes and movements of synovial joints (notes)
Got it?
Know types of joint movements (notes and book)
Got it?
Table 7.3
Got it?
p.131 and 135
Got it?
True/ False: bone is an organ
True
