Tetrapods (Exam 3) Amphibians Flashcards
WHat are synamoporphies of all ‘stem tetrapods’?
Digits
Ohecranon process
Zygapophyses
4-part vertebral column
WHat are synapomorphies of Lissamphibia?
occipital condyle
greater than or equal to 5 digits
WHat is a key feature of all reptiliomorpha?
pleurocentrum dominance
What are synapomorphies of all Amniotes?
amniotic egg
costal ventilation
ankle joint modified
astralagus + calcaneum
1-2-“2”- wrist digits
greater than or equal to 2 sacral vertebrae
alphakeratin pteryoid flange
metanephric kidney
What are the synapomorphies of all caecilians and afterwards?
glandular permeable skin
green rods
pedicellate bicuspid teeth
levator bulbi muscle
colomella-operculum complex
pupilla amphibiorum
WHat did Caecilians subsequently lose?
loss of green rods
WHat are synapomorphies of Caudata?
loss of middle ears
skull modifications
external gills and gill slits in larva
lateral undulation and limb extension
pedomorphosis
WHat are plethodontidae?
salamander lineage that has completely lost lungs, all gas exchange through skin. Largest and most diverse salamander family
WHat is the levator bulbi muscle?
sheet under eyes (bulge out of head) helps w/ digestion. COntraction pushes down into oral cavity, push food down.
What is unique about frogs (Anura) that allow for predator detection etc.
muscle of ear is connected to shoulder muscle for vibrations to be transmitted from ground through forelimb
What does the pelvic patch have and do for toads?
has lots of blood vessels which are good for lots of absorption of water
can just sit in puddle to drink
What is the family of true toads?
Bafonidae
WHat is unique about frogs presacral vertebrae?
always 9 or less of them, w/ very pronounced zygapophyses and
What does frog spine limit? salamanders did
lateral undulation
What are some of the fused bones in frogs?
pelvis with urostyle
tibia-fibula
radius-ulna
What are the tibia-fibula and radius-ulna fused together for?
increased support, when jumping and landing etc.
What is an adaptation of frog toes?
tiled and w/ mucus to stick
What are some features of anura tadpoles?
can become cannibalistic, all born with a beak
What is unique abiut frog tongue?
It is attached at the back of the mouth so flips forward to swat down on prey
What are caecilians?
legless, aquatic or burrowing, worm-like
What are unique adaptations of caecilians?
loss of green rods
reduced eyes
short tails
good parental care
