Exam 1

Question 1

What are Non-Amniote groups?

Answer 1

Hagfish & Lampreys
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes

Question 2

What are Amniote groups?

Answer 2

Reptiles and Mammals

Question 3

What is a synapomorphy?

Answer 3

shared derived trait

Question 4

What is a plesiomorphy?

Answer 4

ancestral characters

Question 5

What are symplesiomorphies?

Answer 5

shared ancestral characters

Question 6

WHat does parsimony mean?

Answer 6

simplest explanation is often true

Question 7

What are outgroups?

Answer 7

closely related organism but different to allow for comparison

Question 8

What is a monophyletic group?

Answer 8

a group which includes all shared ancestors

Question 9

What is a paraphyletic group?

Answer 9

a group in which not all groups with shared ancestors are included (Reptiles when birds are not included in the group)

Question 10

What are crown groups?

Answer 10

group that includes most recent common ancestor of all currently living members of that group as well as all of its descendants

Question 11

What are stem groups?

Answer 11

groups that branched from an ancestral group but are now extinct

Question 12

What does Heterochrony regulate?

Answer 12

Time of Gene Expression

Question 13

What does Heterotropy regulate?

Answer 13

Place of Gene Expression

Question 14

What does Heterometry regulate?

Answer 14

amount of gene expression

Question 15

Wat is an organism that forms mouth first called?

Answer 15

Protostome

Question 16

What is an organism that forms anus first called?

Answer 16

Deuterostome

Question 17

What is a trigger that affects regulatory genes?

Answer 17

change of environment (geography and climate)

Question 18

What are 4 characteristics of all chordates?

Answer 18

notochord stiffening for muscle attachment
dorsal hollow nerve cord
muscular postanal tail
endostyle - grooved feeding pouch w/ cilia

Question 19

What does notochord. dorsal hollow nerve cord and muscular postanal tail improve for chordates?

Answer 19

locomotion

Question 20

What are the 5 most defining characteristics of vertebrates?

Answer 20

Vertebrae - spine, bones, repeating
cranium
3-part brain; (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
Mineralized tissues (calcium in bone)
endocrine organs - hormone secreting organs

Question 21

What are 6 more characteristics of vertebrates (less defining)

Answer 21

muscular gut/ peristalsis
multichambered heart
gills from endoderm
red blood cells w/ hae,oglobin
paired fins/limbs for locomotion
W-shaped myomeres

Question 22

What is the 1st gill arch in vertebrates called and form?

Answer 22

mandibular arch - forms jaws and muscles (and later contributes to tiny bones in ear)

Question 23

What is the 2nd arch in vertebrates called and form?

Answer 23

Hyoid arch - tongue

Question 24

What are mineralized tissue changes in vertebrates?

Answer 24

enamel and dentin (teeth and scales)
enameloid (shark teeth and scales)
3 bone types - dermal, endochondral, perichondral
mineralized cartilage
Cementum - mineralized glue holding teeth in place

Question 25

Where is dermal bone found?

Answer 25

grows w/in the skin w/out framework to build on

Question 26

Where is endochondral bone found?

Answer 26

starts first as cartilage w/in it and forms osteocytes & uses cartilage framework to build bone forms classic skeletal elements like most of internal skeleton, limbs

Question 27

WHere is perichondral bone found?

Answer 27

Cranium (sheet-like)

Question 28

In the skull where are the 3 types of bone found?

Answer 28

Perichondral = cranium Endochondral = Jaw Dermal = framework over

Question 29

What does neural crest do?

Answer 29

cells that migrate and differentiate into many cell types during embryonic development. contribute to the development of many tissues and organs in vertebrates, including the nervous system, skin, and skeleton

Question 30

What are the 3 aspects of a skeleton?

Answer 30

Cranial Axial Appendicular

Question 31

What is cranial skeleton?

Answer 31

skull/ head

Question 32

What is Axial skeleton

Answer 32

spine and extension

Question 33

What is Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 33

limbs and extensions

Question 34

What makes up cranial skeleton?

Answer 34

Chondocranium Splanchnocranium Dermatocranium

Question 35

WHat is the Chondocranium?

Answer 35

cartilage that is found in eye sockets and nasal passages

Question 36

What is the splanchnocranium?

Answer 36

prat of the skull made of cartilage that supports the jaw bones

Question 37

What is dermatocranium?

Answer 37

dermal bone that surrounds head and protects the brain

Question 38

What are Cyclostomes?

Answer 38

Hagfish and Lampreys

Question 39

WHat are features of cyclostomes?

Answer 39

Velum - pump particles through muscular tongue w/ keratine teeth 1 nostril and 1 nasal sac gill arches solid (gills project inward) trunk muscles extend into head

Question 40

WHat are features of Hagfish?

Answer 40

can tolerate low oxygen slime produced as a defense mechanism no larval stage

Question 41

What are features of Lampreys?

Answer 41

rows of keratine teeth at mouth and hard beak in middles use teeth to scrape fish flesh and feed on blood has a larval stage Anadromous (can live in salt or freshwater and move between) Good vision good olfaction (smell)

Question 42

The division of placoderms after ostracoderms has sides called what?

Answer 42

epaxial and hypaxial sides

Question 43

What does a homocercal tail do?

Answer 43

equal sides = straight swimming

Question 44

What does a hypoceral tail do?

Answer 44

bottom is larger than top allows for downward projection, longer lobe ventral

Question 45

What dpes a heteroceral tail do?

Answer 45

top is larger allows for an upwards projection. longer lobe dorsal

Question 46

What does the extension of a nose in Gnathostomes allow them to have?

Answer 46

larger brain and an upper lip

Question 47

Whta do teeth in whorls allow for?

Answer 47

continuous teeth replacement

Question 48

How do Chondrichthyes deal with nitrogenous waste and balance osmotic salt?

Answer 48

retain urea in their muscles

Question 49

What are trends in development of Chondrichthyes?

Answer 49

terminal mouth --> subterminal mouth increased jaw mobility heteroceral tails for upward lift in water more flexible fins

Question 50

What does Holocephali mean? and imply for chimeras?

Answer 50

holo = whole/fixed cephalic = head cranium and jaw are fixed together - upper gill arch fused to cranium

Question 51

What is a Hylostylic jaw?

Answer 51

1 attachment point = hinge 2nd set of gill arches act as levers pushing the jaw outward extension of mouth allows for more prominent nasal features

Question 52

What are the 4 methods of feeding?

Answer 52

Suction Ram Filter Biting

Question 53

How do sharks do chemoreception?

Answer 53

large olfactory bulbs and lateral line

Question 54

What lateral line do?

Answer 54

detects changes in pressure around organism

Question 55

What does tapetum lucidum do?

Answer 55

reflective layer behind retina gets all light

Question 56

What are methods of birth?

Answer 56

oviparity (egg layed) viviparity (live birth)

Question 57

What are methods of feeding offspring?

Answer 57

lecithothropic - recieving nourishment thru stored yolk or maternal reserves Matrotrophy - placental or non-placental (cannibalism, oophagy, uterine feeding)

Question 58

What is the ampullae of lorenzini?

Answer 58

pores (especially seen on rostrum and nose) contains a conductive gel that conducts electrical field in water - allows them to work out where electrical field is coming from

Question 59

What are tribasal fins?

Answer 59

3 basal bones with radials and fin rays from them

Question 60

What does spiracle do on sharks?

Answer 60

extra opening to bring water in over gills

Question 61

What type of birth do skates do? and rays?

Answer 61

skates - oviparians rays - viviparians

Question 62

What does it mean to be durophagous?

Answer 62

capable of eating hard-shelled prey like mollusks or crabs (strong jaws and teeth to crush)