Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Zoo 201 > Tetrapod Lecture > Flashcards

Tetrapod Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Tetrapods aka

A

“four foot”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tetrapod show evolutionary transition

A

from life in water to land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Life on Land opportunities:

A

O2 more abundant (20x) in air than H2O
O2 more easily acquired in air than H2O
Variety of habitats on land (abundant shelter “vegetative structure” & food “invert.’s”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Life on Land challenges:

A 
air ~800x less dense than water @STP
- no buoyancy / dealing w/ gravity
new ways to support body required
 - girdles (modified) & limbs (evolved) to combat gravity on land
 - skeletal remodeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

life in the “Devonian” aka

A

the “age of fishes”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Devonian period began

A

> 400 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Devonian land masses & temperatures

A
  • near the equator, swampy w/ FW, low elevation

- mild & consistent temperatures BUT many FW environments unstable (alternating wet & dry periods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Early Tetrapod Origins Groups

A

Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eusthenopteron moves

A

along bottom of ocean w/ lobed fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eusthenopteron pectoral girdle attached to

A

skull (fish characteristic, not synap)

- t.f. no neck in fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eusthenopteron shows early origin of

A

limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sarcopterygian (rhipidistian lineage) lobed fins homologous to

A

elements of tetrapod limb (arm) bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Panderichthyes skull

A

depressed w/ eyes on top like early tetrapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Panderichthyes lived

A

in shallow H2O (t.f. depressed skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Panderichthyes loss & reduction

A

loss: dorsal & anal fin
reduction: caudal fin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Panderichthyes girdle attached

A

still to skull (no neck)

- by bony gill coverings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tiktaalik aka

A

“fishapod”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tiktaalik lived

A

in late Devonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tiktaalik qualities (fish-like & tetrapod-like)

A

Fish-like: scales, gills, lateral line, & fins w/ rays (no digits)
Tetrapod-like: depressed skull, & shoulder, elbow, & wrist elements (mobile joints). Skull not attached to pectoral girdle, t.f. most basal “necked” vertebrate lineage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

most compelling example to date of an animal close to the transition between water and land?

A

Tiktaalik

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acanthostega pectoral girdle

A

not attached to skull (had neck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acanthostega appendages

A

well-formed limbs (increase mobility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acanthostega fin rays on

A

tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acanthostega digits?

A

many digits (reduction & loss in modern tetrapods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acanthostega show homology in fish thru

A

stapes & hyomandibular????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Carboniferous radiation of tetrapods

A
  • time of warm, moist, swampy environment w/ many insects on land & invertebrates in waters
  • opportunity for tetrapods to invade habitats and diversify (adaptive radiation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2 major lineages of tetrapods have extant representatives

A

Lissamphibia

Amniota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Temnospondyli =

A

extinct lineages + lissamphibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lissamphibia =

A

3 modern amphibian clades:

  • Anura
  • Caudata
  • Gymnophiona
30
Q

Temnospondyli monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

31
Q

Lissamphibia monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

32
Q

Anura monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

33
Q

Caudata monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

34
Q

Gymnophiona monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

35
Q

Lissamphibia synapomorphies

A
  • naked moist skin w/ mucous & poison glands
  • respiration in adults via lungs, gills, skin, or combo
  • buccopharyngeal (+) pressure air pump (ribs don’t encircle viscera)
  • no nails or claws
  • bubble muscles elevate eyes & retract eyes into orbits
36
Q

Caudata aka

A

salamanders

37
Q

Caudata have limbs?

tail?

A

usually

always

38
Q

Caudata diet

A

as larvae & adults: carnivorous

39
Q

caudata condition

A

metamorphic (ancestral w/in lissamphibia)

- some paedomorphic (type of heterochrony) - (derived)

40
Q

paedomorphic =

A

attains sexual maturity but retains larval characteristics (external gills, tail fin, aquatic habitat)

41
Q

Caudata reproduction

A

most return to water to lay eggs (ancestral)

some w/ direct development in terrestrial environment

42
Q

direct development

A

larval stage in egg & young hatch as miniatures of adults

43
Q

Caudata fertilization

A

internal

  • male drops spermatophore (packet of sperm) & female picks it up w/ cloaca
  • complex courtship
44
Q

Caudata extremes

A

tongue projection in prey capture

45
Q

Caudata respiration

A

via lungs, gills, skin (usually a combo)

46
Q

Largest Caudata family respiration

A

(Plethodontidae) & depend on respiration thru skin

47
Q

Anura aka

A

“frogs”

48
Q

Anura synapomorphies

A
  • simplified skull (reduction & loss of bones)
  • no teeth in mandible
  • no tail in adult
49
Q

Anura shared characteristics

A
  • most w/ larval stage (tadpole)

- many w/ direct development

50
Q

Anura tongue attached at

A

front of mouth and flips forward

51
Q

Anura tongue evolution from caudata

A

independently evolved

52
Q

Anuran ancestor

A

Triadobatrachus (extinct)

53
Q

Triadobatrachus

A

frog-like but less specialized in jumping

54
Q

Triadobatrachus had

A

small tail!!

55
Q

Anuran skull morphology shows

A

similarities & indicate close relationship between outgrip & sister taxon to clade including all extant anurans

56
Q

Anuran larvae diet?

adult diet?

A

herbivorous (larva = no true teeth)

carnivorous (adult = true teeth)

57
Q

Anuran ventilatory mechanics

A
  • air into lungs by using buccal (+) pressure pump

- air forced out of lungs via contraction of body musculature

58
Q

Anuran calling

A

air forced from lungs to vocal sacs

59
Q

anuran vocal sacs serve as

A

resonators to amplify sound during male mating calls

60
Q

Anuran fertilization/reproduction

A

almost always external fertilization

male clasp females (amplexus) & fertilize eggs as they are laid

61
Q

Among tetrapods, anurans show most bizarre

A

reproductive strategies

62
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) aka

A

“caecilians”

63
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) characteristics

A
  • long, slender, legless

- fossorial w/ solid skull for burrowing (terrestrial forms)

64
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) eyes

A

covered w/ skin & sometimes bone (reduction-derived)

65
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) males have

A

intermittent organ

66
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) fertilization (internal or external)

A

internal

67
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) live

A

aquatic w/ larval stage

68
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) lay eggs?

others?

A

some lay eggs in soil

others are viviparous & young get nutrients from walls of oviduct w/ specialized comb-like teeth

69
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) development?

A

most have direct development

70
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilian) unique organ

A

“tentacle”

  • thought to be chemosensory
  • bulbi muscles protract/retract tentacle
  • lubricated by Harderian gland
71
Q

Harderian gland homologous to

A

homolog in eye

Zoo 201 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions