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Zoo 201 > Synapsida Lecture (Amniote cont.) > Flashcards

Synapsida Lecture (Amniote cont.) Flashcards

1
Q

synapsids have (temporal)

A

one pair temporal skull opening behind orbits

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2
Q

synapsids = first lineage to

A

diverge from ancestral amniotes (sister lineage to class w/ other amniotes “diapsids”)

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3
Q

synapsids include

A

mammals (only extant lineage)

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4
Q

Evolution of mammals lineages (3)

A

pelycosaurs, therapsids, cynodonts

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5
Q

Pelycosaurs are the

A

most basal synapsids

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6
Q

pelycosaurs radiation

A

into diverse lineages (carnivores & herbivores)

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7
Q

pelycosaurs extinct

A

by end of paleozoic

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8
Q

pelycosaurs monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic (therapsid lineage emerged w/in a carnivorous pelycosaur lineage)

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9
Q

Therapsids radiation

A

into diverse lineages (carnivores & herbivores)

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10
Q

therapsids persisted

A

into mesozoic

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11
Q

therapsids monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic (cynodont lineage emerged w/in therapsid lineage)

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12
Q

Cynodonts exhibited (2)

A
  • heterodonty = differentiation of tooth types

- changes in jaw musculoskeletal structure

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13
Q

cynodont jaw musculoskeletal structure changes:

A
  • enlargement of dentary & reduction of posterior bones of mandible
  • evolution of masseter muscle = allows lateral jaw movements
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14
Q

cynodonts monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic (mammal lineage emerged w/in cynodont lineage)

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15
Q

Early mammals arose

A

> 200 mya (Triassic)

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16
Q

early mammals exhibited (2)

A
  • diphyodont deviation = teeth replaced 1x in life

- new jaw joint btwn squamosal & dentary = quadrate & articular incorporated (w/ stapes) into middle ear

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17
Q

early mammal jaw & joint evolution

A

w/ time –> decrease in quadrate & articular, increase in dentary

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18
Q

what forms the jaw joint?

A

quadrate, squamosal, & articular

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19
Q

early mammals had ____ & were likely _________

A

hair, endothermic

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20
Q

early mammals also had a

A

secondary palate = separates feeding & breathing pathways / permits suckling by young

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21
Q

mammal hair

A
  • unique to mammals
  • dead cells w/ keratin
  • epidermal structure
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22
Q

derivatives of mammal hair (2)

A
  • vibrassae (mechanoreception)
  • spiny armor (porcupines, hedgehogs, & echidnas have all independently evolved spines derived from hair) (protection against predators)
23
Q

great morphological variation through dental evolution is due to

A

feeding specializations

24
Q

mammals have greatest variety of

A

glands among vertebrates

25
Q

mammal glands (4)

A
  • sweat glands (evaporative cooling)
  • scent glands (communications (attracting mates, territorial marking)) (defense (skunks))
  • sebaceous glands (expel sebum - keep hair/skin pliable)
  • mammary glands (possessed by females (rudiment in males)) (milk secreted from glandular tissue to feed young)
    • humans –> adipose tissue around glandular tissue forms breasts (unique & plays role as sexual signal)
26
Q

mammary glands are homologous to

A

sweat glands

27
Q

Mammalia =

A

Monotremata + Metatheria + Eutheria

28
Q

monotremata reproduction

A

oviparous (lay & incubate eggs)

29
Q

metatheria reproduction

A

vivaporous w/ altricial young (born at early developmental stage) (babies w/ eyes that can’t open yet)

30
Q

metatheria aka

A

“marsupials”

31
Q

monotremata animals

A

platypus, echidna, etc.

32
Q

metatheria animals

A

kangaroos, koalas, wallabies, Tasmanian devils, etc.

33
Q

metatheria evolved most

A

ecological types seen in placental mammals except powered flight & marine habitat

34
Q

metatherian females have

A

vagina w/ 2 lateral canals & medial canal (3 passageways)

35
Q

metatherian males have

A

forked penises that fit lateral vaginal canals

36
Q

metatherian sperm travel

A

up lateral canals & young pass through medical vaginal canal (t.f. different channels for insemination & birth)

37
Q

metatherian young are born, then

A

climb to teat in pouch, & have extended development while nursing

38
Q

eutherian aka

A

“placentals”

39
Q

eutherian reproduction

A

viviparous w/ young born relatively precocial (born later in development)

40
Q

eitheria made up of

A

almost 1/2 as rodents & almost 1/4 as bats

41
Q

eutherian females have (2)

A
  • a single vaginal canal

- placenta

42
Q

placenta =

A
  • connections form btwn fertilized egg & uterine fissure

- gas & nutrient exchange (thru blood exchange)

43
Q

compared to metatherians, eutherians apply more energy towards

A

in utero development & less towards lactation

44
Q

Monkeys monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic

45
Q

Great Apes =

A

Orangutans + Gorillas + Chimpanzees + Humans

46
Q

ancestral great ape clade appeared

A

~14 mya

47
Q

trends in lineage leading to humans (3)

A
  • enlargement of the cranium
  • more reliance on vision / reduced olfactory (smell) capacity
  • paedomorphic characteristics (look like early stage of development in comparison to great apes) (we look like baby chimps)
48
Q

earliest known hominin fossil

A

Sahelanthropus (then Ardipithecus & Australopithecus)

49
Q

Human evolution (4)

A
  • H. habilis (2.3 - 1.4 mya)
    • tools
  • H. erectus (1.8 to 0.1 mya)
    • more complex tools, fire, wore furs
    • first Homo to leave Africa! got to SE Asia
  • H. sapiens (~200Kya)
    • modern humans
  • H. neanderthalensis ~30Kya
    • “replaced” by H. sapiens
50
Q

Homo appeared

A

2.3 mya

51
Q

Homo sapiens arise hypotheses (2)

A
  1. ) multiregional origin model (controversial)

2. ) recent African origin model (more accepted)

52
Q

Multiregional Origin Model

A
  • H. erectus migrated from Africa to Asia, Europe, etc.
  • Geographically separated populations gave rise to phenotypical different races of H. sapiens
  • Gene flow prevented races from becoming species
53
Q

Recent African Origin Model

A
  • H. sapiens arose in Africa
  • H. sapiens migrated from Africa to regions where H. erectus had preceded them & replaced the (also replaced H. neanderthalensis)
  • only after leaving Africa & occupying new regions did phenotype differences btwn races arise.
54
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

“the hobbits”

  • lived on Flores as recently as 13Kya
  • evidence indicates closest relative to H. erectus
  • dwarfism & persistent survival of forms extinct elsewhere is common on islands

Zoo 201 (6 decks)

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