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Zoo 201 > Gnathostome Lecture > Flashcards

Gnathostome Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Gnathostome aka

A

“jaw mouth”

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2
Q

Gnathostome key synapomorphies

A
  • jaws

- appendages (fins)

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3
Q

Other Gnathostome synapomorphies

A
  • 3 pairs semicircular canals
  • notochord partially/completely replaced by centra
  • neural & hemal arches extend from notochord (surface are a for muscle attachment & more maneuverability)
  • horizontal septum divides trunk musculature divided into epaxial (dorsal) & hypoxia (ventral) portions for increased muscular coordination)
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4
Q

jaws =

A

skeletal elements (bone or cartilage) that support borders of mouth

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5
Q

jaws derived…

A

evolutionarily & developmentally from pharyngeal arches (neural crest)

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6
Q

jaws first appeared in which fishes?

A

placoderms

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7
Q

benefits of jaws (2)

A
  • permitted more effective predation

- increased size of prey that would be captured

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8
Q

ancestral condition of pharyngeal arches

A

cartilaginous elements around pharyngeal slits

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9
Q

jaws provide

A

structural support for gills

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10
Q

1st pharyngeal arch =

A

mandibular arch

  • palatoquadrate (dorsal)
  • mocker’s cartilage (ventral)
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11
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch =

A

hyoid arch

- hyomandibula (dorsal element)

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12
Q

paired appendage benefit

A
  • greater body control in 3D space

- increased surface are (fins) allows for greater speed & maneuverability

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13
Q

True or false: about 1/3 of described extant chordate species are fishes

A

False (it’s 1/2)

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14
Q

Major clades of Gnathostomes: (5)

A
  • Placodermi - placoderms (extinct)
  • Aconthodii (extinct)
  • Chondrichthyes - sharks, ray, chimaeras
  • Osteichthyes - bony fishes (paraphyletic)
  • Tetrapoda
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15
Q

Placodermi

A

Most basal gnathostome lineage (extinct)

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16
Q

Subclass Chondrichthyes

A

sharks, rays chimaeras

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17
Q

Chondrichthyes skeleton?

A

cartilaginous

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18
Q

Elasmobranchii is part of

A

Chondrichthyes

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19
Q

Elasmobranchii animals = body styles

A

sharks (fusiform) & rays (depressed)

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20
Q

Elasmobranchii tail

A

heterocercal (swim “lift”)

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21
Q

Elasmobranchii intestine valve

A

spiral valve in intestine

  • increases time food in intestine
  • increased SA for diffusion
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22
Q

Elasmobranchii fertilization

A

internal fertilization via clasper on male

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23
Q

Clade Neoselachii part of

A

Subclass Elasmobranchii

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24
Q

Sublcass Holocephali animals

A

chimaeras/ratfishes

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25
Q

Holocephali diverged from

A

earliest shark lineage (sister lineages to shark)

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26
Q

Holocephali habitat

A

marine/deep ocean

27
Q

Lateral Line System structure & function

A

grooves/canals w/ neuromasts - mechanoreception (sensing mechanical disturbances)

28
Q

Lateral Line System senses

A

water movements + directionality of course

- used for navigation & predation/evasion

29
Q

Electroreception happens by

A

ampullae: (of Lorenzini, for example) specialized sensory cells detected electric current in water
- gives off electric potentials during neuromuscular activity

30
Q

electroreception role

A

in prey detection

31
Q

who has electroreception?

A

Chondrichthyes & platypus

32
Q

who has a lateral line?

A

cartilaginous & bony fish & larval amphibian stage & soemtimessss adult amphibians retain lateral line (only ones that are fully aquatic)

33
Q

electric rays generate

A

high power electrical output (nearly one kW)

34
Q

electric organs:

A

electrocytes (modified muscle cells that produce electricity)

35
Q

electric organs function

A
  • stun prey

- protection from predators

36
Q

electric organs homologous to

A

muscle cells

37
Q

Elasmobranchii reproduction #1

A

oviparous (egg laying)

- some sharks & rays deposit into egg case (often with tendrils for attachment to objects)

38
Q

Elasmobranchii reproduction #2

A

vivaporous (live-bearing t.f. young derives nutrients from mother)

  • some have extensions of oviductal wall into embryo’s mouth that secrete milky substance
  • some ovulate eggs that embryos eat in utero (or eat siblings in embryo!)
  • some develop placenta-like structure w/ an umbilical cord that provides direct blood exchange
39
Q

Integument & Teeth of Elasmobranchs

A

placoid scales (denticles)

  • dermal and epidermal components
  • resemble teeth of other vertebrates (pulp cavity, dentine, covered by enamel)
40
Q

Elasmobranch Teeth attached

A

loosely to jaws & polyphyodont (constantly being replaced “multiple rows at any time”)

41
Q

scales are homologous to

A

teeth of any vertebrate

42
Q

Osteichthyes aka

A

“bony fishes”

43
Q

Osteichthyes include

A

Actinopterygii & Sarcopterygii

44
Q

Osteichthyes monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic (when tetrapods not included)

45
Q

Are all fishes as a whole (bony & cartilage) monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic

46
Q

Class Actinopterygii aka

A

“ray fin / wing”

t.f. Ray-Finned fishes

47
Q

Actinopterygii appendage (fin) skeleton & musculature where

A

w/in body

48
Q

Chondrostei part of?

A

Actinopterygii

49
Q

Chondrostei monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic group

50
Q

Chondrostei animals

A

sturgeons. bichirs, paddlefishes

51
Q

Chondrostei skeleton

A

cartilaginous (reversal)

52
Q

Teleostei part of

A

Actinopterygii

53
Q

Teleostei monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

54
Q

Teleostei scales

A

cycloid or ctenoid scales

  • lighter & more flexible
  • effect: greater mobility & speed
55
Q

Teleostei scales derived

A

dermally (t.f. analogous)

56
Q

Teleostei tail

A

homocercal tail (most)

57
Q

Teleostei bladder function

A

gas reabsorption & secretion by gas bladder

- effect: buoyancy control

58
Q

Teleostei jaw suspension modification for

A

suction feeding

59
Q

Teleostei suction feeding

A

expansion of buccal (oral) cavity generates (-) pressure to draw in food

60
Q

Teleostei diversity

A

~96% of fishes & nearly 1/2 of all vertebrates

61
Q

Class Sarcopterygii aka

A

“flesh fin/wing”

t.f Lobe-Finned fishes

62
Q

Sarcopterygii skeleton & musculature where

A

inside fins

63
Q

Sarcopterygii groups

A
  • Actinistia (coelacanths)
  • Dipnoi (lungfishes)
  • Rhipidistia (extinct sarcop.’s that share more recent common ancestor w/ tetrapods than do extant sarcop.’s)
64
Q

Sarcopterygii & Rhipidistia (when tetrapods excluded) monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic

Zoo 201 (6 decks)

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