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Zoo 201 > Amniote Lecture > Flashcards

Amniote Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Amniote synapomorphy

A

amniotic egg (clade-defining)

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2
Q

Amniote monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

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3
Q

Amniotic egg “synapomorphies” (3)

A

(3 new membranes)

  • Amnion
  • Allantois
  • Chorion
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4
Q

Amnion

A

surrounds developing embryo & holds it in amniotic fluid (“enclosing the pond”)

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5
Q

Allantois

A

repository for nitrogenous waste

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6
Q

Chorion

A

gas exchange (together with Allantois)

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7
Q

Other derived characteristics of Amniotes (8)

A
  • keratinized skin (resistant to water loss)
  • keratinized epidermal scales in reptiles (dermal in bony fishes) (epidermal + dermal in cartilaginous fishes)
  • hardened nails or claws
  • ventilation/respiration via lungs filled by thoracic expansion (expansion of rib cage produces (-) pressure)
  • no larvae or metamorphosis
  • no gills
  • loss of lateral line system
  • internal fertilization (most w/ intermittent organ)
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8
Q

Amniotes originated in

A

early carboniferous

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9
Q

3 major groups of amniotes by

A

later carboniferous (based on skull morphology)

  • Anapsida
  • Diapsida
  • Synapsida
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10
Q

Anapsida =

A

first amniotes! (extinct?)

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11
Q

Anapsida have no

A

no temporal skull opening behind orbits (completely roofed by dermal skull bones)

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12
Q

Turtles historically considered

A

Anapsids

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13
Q

Turtles now considered

A

derived Diapsids based on new data

- t.f. no extant anapsids

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14
Q

Diapsids have

A

2 temporal skull openings behind orbits (separated by bony arch)

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15
Q

Diapsids represented today by

A

all living reptiles & birds

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16
Q

Diapsida =

A

Testudines, Lepidosauria, Archosauria

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17
Q

Testudines (turtles) monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

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18
Q

Lepidosauria monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

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19
Q

Archosauria monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

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20
Q

Testudines girdle located

A

w/in rib cage

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21
Q

Testudines lack

A

teeth (jaws w/ keratinized plates)

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22
Q

Testudines reproduction

A

oviparous & bury eggs in nests

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23
Q

Testudines sex det

A

Incubation Temperature Dependent Sex Determination

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24
Q

What groups exhibit Temperature Dependent Sex Determination?

A

all turtles, crocodilians, some snakes & lizards

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25
Q

Temperature Dependent Sex Determination:

A

high temp = female
low temp = male
~29 degree switch threshold

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26
Q

Current phylogenetic position of Turtles?

A
  • closer to derived diapsids:
    DNA evidence says closer to Archosaurs (crocs & birds)
    Morphological evidence says closer to Lepidosaurs (snakes & lizards)
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27
Q

Transitional turtle

A

Odontochelys semitestacea (“toothed turtle with half shell”)

  • most basal turtle
  • teeth!
  • only bottom half of shell present
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28
Q

Lepidosauria is w/in

A

Diapsida

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29
Q

Testudines is w/in

A

Diapsida (current)

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30
Q

Rhynchocephalia is w/in

A

Lepidosauria t.f. Diapsida

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31
Q

Lepidosauria animals consists of

A

all non-avian reptiles except crocs & turtles

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32
Q

Lepidosauria =

A

Rhynchocephalia (tautara) (most basal lineage) + Squamata (lizards)

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33
Q

Archosauria is w/in

A

Diapsida

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34
Q

Squamata is w/in

A

Lepidosauria t.f. Diapsida

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35
Q

Serpentes is w/in

A

Squamata t.f. Lepidosauria t.f. Diapsida

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36
Q

Amphisbaenians is w/in

A

Squamata t.f. Lepidosauria t.f. Diapsida

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37
Q

Rhynchocephalia aka

A

“tuatara” aka living fossil

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38
Q

Rhynchocephalia species

A

one one extant

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39
Q

Sister lineage to Squamata

A

Rhynchocephalia

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40
Q

Squamata =

A

Lacertilia (lizards) + Serpentes (snakes) + Amphisbaenia

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41
Q

Lacertilia is w/in

A

Squamata t.f. Lepidosauria t.f. Diapsida

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42
Q

Lacertilia (lizards) monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic group (when snakes & amphisbaenians not included)

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43
Q

Serpentes (snakes) monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade

44
Q

Squamata integument

A

periodically shed in 1 or large pieces

45
Q

Squamata skulls are

A

kinetic skulls = significant movement of different parts of the skull relative to e/o

46
Q

Squamata synapomorphies

A
  • hemipenes: paired intermittent organ

- tail autonomy (lost in snakes & in some lizards)

47
Q

Lacertilia feeding

A

most insectivorous
some large ones are herbivorous
some carnivorous on large prey

48
Q

Lacertilia tail autonomy

A

fracture planes w/in vertebrae (how lizards regrow tails)

49
Q

Squamata limblessness derived

A

convegently (evolved independently) btwn snakes & lizards

50
Q

Amphisbaenia characteristics

A
  • limbless (except one family w/ front limbs)
  • one lung (L)
  • fossorial (adapted for burrowing)
  • robust akinetic skull used as burrowing organ
51
Q

Amphisbaenia feeds on

A

mostly invertebrates

52
Q

Serpentes occupy which habitats

A

all except antarctic

53
Q

Serpentes lack (2)

A
  • limbs (some forms w/ pelvic girdle vestiges)

- external ear openings

54
Q

Serpentes eyelids

A

fused into spectacle

- lower eyelid of snake always closed & one of the scales became spectacle

55
Q

Serpentes lungs

A 
only one (R) (opposite of amphisbaenians)
- why? no reason, LOL, just happened
56
Q

Serpentes feeding

A

all carnivorous

57
Q

Serpentes amount venomous

A

only <15%

58
Q

Serpentes feeding specializations

A

skull extremely kinetic (parts moveable relative to e/o)

  • paired joints on each side of head increase gape
  • mandibular symphysis unfused (lower jaws move separately on each side to ingest large prey)
59
Q

Archosaurian animals

A

crocodilians, birds, & extinct groups (pterosaurs, dinosaurs, etc)

60
Q

Archosaurian flight evolved

A

twice (pterosaurs & birds)

61
Q

Crocodylia is w/in

A

Archosauria

62
Q

Most basal archosauria

A

Crocodylia

63
Q

Crocodylia teeth =

A

thecodont (teeth in sockets)

64
Q

Crocodylia oviparous or viviparous?

A

oviparous (egg laying)

65
Q

Crocodylia sex determination?

A

temperature dependent

66
Q

Crocodylia exhibit complex

A

vocalizations (associated w/ courtship, territoriality, etc)

67
Q

Crocodylian parental care

A

nest guarding & taking young to water in mouth

68
Q

Possible archosaur synapomorphies:

A

complex vocalization & nest guarding…

both in crocs & birds

69
Q

Crocodylian secondary palate

A

separates breathing & eating pathway

70
Q

birds and mammals are both

A

endotherms

71
Q

Shared characteristics between non-avian reptiles & birds

A
  • 1 middle ear bone (stapes)
  • mandible (consists of several bones) (articulates w/ quadrate)
  • excrete N-wastes as uric acid (urea in mammals)
72
Q

Dinosaurs monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic if birds not included

73
Q

Therapoda =

A

various Dinos + birds

74
Q

Aves aka

A

birds

75
Q

Aves synapomorphies (6)

A
  • bipedal
  • neck (elongate, mobile, S-shaped)
  • pneumatic (hollow) bones
  • digitigrade posture (walks on digits)
  • furcula (fused clavicles = “wishbone”)
  • lunate carpals (allow swiveling movements key to flight)
76
Q

Most basal bird

A

Archaepteryx

77
Q

Archaeopteryx characteristics (therapod & bird)

A

“old + wing”

  • therapod (non-bird) char.’s = thecodont teeth, long tail, clawed digits on forelimbs
  • bird char.’s = asymmetrical feathers t.f. probably capable of true flight

(clearly shows bird-theropod relationship)

78
Q

Neornithes is w/in

A

Aves

79
Q

Neornithes monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

monophyletic clade (including all extant birds)

80
Q

Neornithes major radiation during

A

Cretaceous & early Tertiary

81
Q

Neornithes =

A

Paleognathae + Neognathae

82
Q

Intermittent organ in birds?

A

not in most (ostriches & ducks do tho)

83
Q

Paleognathae aka

A

“ratites”

84
Q

Paleognathae is w/in

A

Neornithes t.f. Aves t.f. Archosauria t.f. Diapsida

85
Q

Paleognathae animals

A

ostriches (largest living bird), emus, kiwis, etc

86
Q

Paleognathae flight?

A

flightless (have flat sternum)

87
Q

Neognathae is w/in

A

Neornithes t.f. Aves t.f. Archosauria t.f. Diapsida

88
Q

Neognathae animals

A

all other birds (besides paleognathae)

89
Q

Neognathae flight?

  • but…
  • & evolutionary pattern?
A

strong flight muscles (keeled sternum)

  • but flightlessness evolved independently (convergently) many times due to loss of keel
  • & reversal/secondarily derived
90
Q

Bird feathers homologous to?

A

scales of other reptiles

91
Q

Bird feather origin?

A

epidermal (t.f. homologous to scales or reptiles)

92
Q

Bird feathers made of

A

keratin

93
Q

Bird feathers are functional when

A

they are dead

94
Q

Other bird feather functions:

A
  • thermoregulation (conserve body heat)
  • flight (flight feathers)
  • social displays (elaborate & colorful)
  • bristles around mouth of some birds (sensory function that catches insects in flight)
95
Q

Bird skeletal specializations

A
  • pneumatic bones (filled w/ air cavities, strong but light)
  • skull (lightly built “loss/reduction vs. ancestral archosaurs”)
  • teeth lost (replaced by keratinized beak)
  • axial skeleton (sternum w/ carina “keel” for powerful flight muscle attachment, & furcula “fused clavicles” that acts as a stabilizing strut)
96
Q

Birds and endothermic w/

A

high body temperatures & high metabolic rate (requiring large food intake)

97
Q

Bird metabolism evolved

A
  • crop = storage chamber @ end of esophagus that increase digestive capacity
  • gizzard = compartment of the stomach that grinds food w/ keratinized plates (replacing role of teeth)
98
Q

Beak evolution due to

A

feeding specializations

99
Q

gas exchange in birds is…

A

the most efficient (related to high metabolic rate and energetic demands)

100
Q

bird gas exchange modifications (2)

A
  • parabronchi = site of gas exchange (rigid lungs) that increase gas-exchange capacity (huge surface area, & thinnest gas-exchange membranes among vertebrates)
  • air sacs = expand/contract to ventilate parabronchi (poorly vascularized elastic structures) increase volume of air sacs several times that of parabronchial lung, making body lighter
101
Q

pattern of air flow though bird parabronchi

A

unidirectional & continuous

102
Q

Structures on bird vertebrae show

A

non-avian dinosaurs had air sacs in same places as birds

103
Q

vision in birds

A
  • large eyes (eagles & owls have eyes size of humans)
  • high acuity color vision (active & coordinated habits)
  • retina w/ high density of rods & cones (to see in difficult to see environments)
104
Q

birds mate

*but

A

monogamous

  • both sexes equally capable of caring for young
  • females gestate young & lactate
  • but, DNA paternity analysis shows birds as “unfaithful”
  • cuckoldry (poor guy lol)
105
Q

what 2 things matter most in life????

A

energy & reproduction!!!!

Zoo 201 (6 decks)

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