Testt 1- study Flashcards
Physical, cognitive, emotional and social. These are domains of _______.
development
_____ ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development.
resilience
_____ ____: Darwin: Principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest
evolutionary theory
___ ___ Hall and Gesell: Development as a maturational process: Age-related averages from large studies of children represent typical development.
normative approach
___ ___ ___ : Binet and Simon: Early developers of intelligence testing; sparked interest in individual differences in development.
mental testing movement
____ ______ : Freud and Erikson
- Emphasis on individuals unique life history
- Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Psychoanalytic perspective
___:
- largest portion of the mind
- unconscious, present at birth
- source of biological needs and desires
id
____:
- conscious, rational part of personality
- emerges in early infancy
- redirects id impulses acceptably
ego
______ :
-conscience, which developed between 3 and 6 years old from interactions with caregivers
superego
____ ____: stimulus-response
classical conditioning
____ ___ : reinforcers and punishment
operant conditioning
_____ ___ ___
1. Modeling or observational learning- a baby claps her hands after her mother does so; a teenager dresses like her friends.
- Cognition- emphasized today; social-cognitive approach
- personal standards: children develop a sense of self efficacy: a belief that their abilities and characteristics will help them succeed
Social Learning Theory
____ _____: a perspective that views the human mind as a symbol-manipulated system through which informations flows and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process.
[[-Strength: use of rigorous research methods
-Limitation: lacks insight into nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity.]]
information processing
_____ ___ ___:
-Relationship between brain acidity and cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Developmental cognitive neuroscience
___ ___ ____
- Relationship between brain activity and emotional and social development
- Interest in identifying neural systems underlying adolescents heightened risk-taking behavior
developmental social neuroscience
_______ : concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
Roots traced to work of Darwin:
- Imprinting
- Critical period
- Sensitive period
ethology
___ ___:
- an optimal time for certain capacities to emerge
- individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
- boundaries less well-defined than those of a critical period
sensitive period
____ ___ : an area that seeks to understand adaptive value of species wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age.
-Aims to understand the person-environment system
evolutionary developmental psychology
____ ____ ____:
[[-Focuses on how culture (values, beliefs, customs, skills) is transmitted to next generation ]]
-Social interaction (especially cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society) is necessary for children to acquire culture
Vygostsky’s Social cultural Theory
_____ ____ ____:
- Person develops within complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment
- Layers of environment: microsystem, mesosystem,exosystem, macrosystem
Ecological Systems Theory
_____ : dynamic, ever-changing nature of
person’s environment
-Person and environment form a network of
interdependent effects
Chronosystem
____ ___ ___ ___ ___
- For many centuries people saw children as fully formed, miniature adults
- Socially, children were treated like adults
- Working, mingling with adults by the age of 6 or 7
Middle ages view of children
_______: Prediction drawn from a theory
Hypothesis
___ ___: Activities of participants
Research methods
____ ____ Overall plans for research studies
Research designs
____ ____:
• Behavior recorded in the field or natural environment
• Not all individuals have same opportunity to display behavior
• Cannot control conditions
Naturalistic observation
____ ____:
• Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior
• All participants have equal chance to display behavior
• May not be typical of participants’ everyday behaviors
Structured observation
_____ ____ :
-Flexible conversation to get participants’ points of view
-Reflects everyday life and provides large amount of information in
short amount of time
-May not result in accurate reporting of information
Clinical interview
____ ____:
- Each participant is asked same questions in the same way
- Permits comparisons of responses and efficient data collection
- Not as in-depth as clinical interview
Structured interview
____ ____ ___
- Brings together wide range of information, including interviews, observations, test scores
- Well-suited to studying individuals who are few in number but vary widely in characteristics
- May be influenced by researcher biases, and conclusions may not generalize to anyone other than person studied
Clinical/Case Study Method
________-
- Participant observation of a culture or distinct social group
- Mix of observations, self-reports, interpretation by investigator
- Investigators may observe selectively or misinterpret what they see
- Findings cannot be assumed to generalize beyond people and settings of research study
ethnography
- Researchers gather information on individuals, without altering experiences
- Studies relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behavior or development
- Cannot infer cause and effect
Correlational Research Design
_____ ____ ____
- Participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions Permits inferences about cause and effect
- Findings obtained in laboratories may not apply to everyday situations
Experimental Research Design
_______ _______
• Manipulatedbyinvestigator
• Expected to cause changes in another variable
independent variable:
- Measured but not manipulated
- expected to be influenced by the independent variable
Dependent variable
_____ ______:
- Conducted in natural setting
- Participants assigned randomly to treatment conditions
Field experiment:
____ ____
-Compare differences in treatments that already exist
-Groups chosen to ensure that their characteristics are
as much alike as possible
Natural, or quasi-, experiment:
Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages
Longitudinal
_______
Participants of differing ages studied at the same point in time
Cross-sectional
Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times
Sequential
____ ___ ___ ___
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Knowledge of results Beneficial treatments
Rights of research participants
The development of many continuous and non-continuous (discrete) characteristics is likely to be.
Multifactorial, that is, the result of the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors.
The term polygenic refers to the combined effects of many ____
genes
____ ___ ___
Assuming there are multiple genes and environmental factors conducive to high intelligence:
- most individuals receive a moderate amount of these factors (fall in the middle IQ range)
- a few individuals receive a very small amount (fall in the very low IQ range) - a few individuals receive a very large amount (fall in the very high IQ range)
Multifactorial Inheritance Model - continuous
______
- The proportion of variability in a trait that is attributable to inherited factors (in a particular population)
- Can be estimated from correlations between family members with differing degrees of genetic resemblance
Heritability
can genetic transmission be assumed if closer relative show greater similarity?
No: genetic and environmental factors are confounded in biological families, so similarity of relatives could be due to similarity of. genes or similarity of environment
Is intelligence inherited?
- Higher correlations between close than distant relatives
- consistent with genetic contribution, but environment and genes are confounded
..
- Identical twins are more similar than non-identical (fraternal) twins
- Consistent with ____ ___
genetic contribution
- Fraternal twins reared together are less similar than identical twins reared apart
- consistent with ___ ___
genetic contribution
- Non identical twins are more similar than ____
- Evidence for a role of environment
- both pairs share on average1 half their genes, and should therefore have a similar degree of resemblance in IQ
- the greater degree of environmental similarity in twins appears to increase their IQ similarity
siblings
Is intelligence inherited?
- Adopted children are as similar in IQ to their biological parents as to their adopted parents - evidence for a ___ ____
- In spite of never sharing the same environment, there is still a distinct similarity in IQ between adopted children and their biological parents
- When specific IQ abilities were examined, only verbal ability showed any similarity at all between children and their adopted parents
genetic contribution
What about characteristics other than intelligence?
- Similar analyses have been carried out on a range of characteristics
- Temperament and personality:
- activity level, shyness, sociability - extraversion and introversion
- Evidence of clear____ ____ to these characteristics has been demonstrated
genetic contributions
________: Individuals seek out an environment which suits their genotype
e.g. genetically endowed children may be drawn to playmates and other environmental input which facilitate intellectual development
“Niche-picking”
____ ___: for many characteristics, genes appear to set the boundaries within which environmental influences have their effects
e.g. intellectual ability - limits to the influence of environment
Reaction range
Contrast this with ______:
-some characteristics are restricted to very limited outcomes in all individuals
e.g. “genetic blueprint” for motor development: roll, sit, crawl walk, across a wide range of rearing conditions
Canalization
Stages of ____ _____
o Germinal stage
o Embryonic stage
o Fetal stage
prenatal development
What are \_\_\_\_\_? • Multiple factors that influence prenatal development • Maternal influences • Recreational Drugs • Environmental factors • Paternal influences
teratogens
____ ____ or Stage of the Zygote : 0 - 2 wks
Germinal Stage