Testt 1- study Flashcards
Physical, cognitive, emotional and social. These are domains of _______.
development
_____ ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development.
resilience
_____ ____: Darwin: Principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest
evolutionary theory
___ ___ Hall and Gesell: Development as a maturational process: Age-related averages from large studies of children represent typical development.
normative approach
___ ___ ___ : Binet and Simon: Early developers of intelligence testing; sparked interest in individual differences in development.
mental testing movement
____ ______ : Freud and Erikson
- Emphasis on individuals unique life history
- Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Psychoanalytic perspective
___:
- largest portion of the mind
- unconscious, present at birth
- source of biological needs and desires
id
____:
- conscious, rational part of personality
- emerges in early infancy
- redirects id impulses acceptably
ego
______ :
-conscience, which developed between 3 and 6 years old from interactions with caregivers
superego
____ ____: stimulus-response
classical conditioning
____ ___ : reinforcers and punishment
operant conditioning
_____ ___ ___
1. Modeling or observational learning- a baby claps her hands after her mother does so; a teenager dresses like her friends.
- Cognition- emphasized today; social-cognitive approach
- personal standards: children develop a sense of self efficacy: a belief that their abilities and characteristics will help them succeed
Social Learning Theory
____ _____: a perspective that views the human mind as a symbol-manipulated system through which informations flows and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process.
[[-Strength: use of rigorous research methods
-Limitation: lacks insight into nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity.]]
information processing
_____ ___ ___:
-Relationship between brain acidity and cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Developmental cognitive neuroscience
___ ___ ____
- Relationship between brain activity and emotional and social development
- Interest in identifying neural systems underlying adolescents heightened risk-taking behavior
developmental social neuroscience
_______ : concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
Roots traced to work of Darwin:
- Imprinting
- Critical period
- Sensitive period
ethology
___ ___:
- an optimal time for certain capacities to emerge
- individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
- boundaries less well-defined than those of a critical period
sensitive period
____ ___ : an area that seeks to understand adaptive value of species wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age.
-Aims to understand the person-environment system
evolutionary developmental psychology
____ ____ ____:
[[-Focuses on how culture (values, beliefs, customs, skills) is transmitted to next generation ]]
-Social interaction (especially cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society) is necessary for children to acquire culture
Vygostsky’s Social cultural Theory
_____ ____ ____:
- Person develops within complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment
- Layers of environment: microsystem, mesosystem,exosystem, macrosystem
Ecological Systems Theory
_____ : dynamic, ever-changing nature of
person’s environment
-Person and environment form a network of
interdependent effects
Chronosystem
____ ___ ___ ___ ___
- For many centuries people saw children as fully formed, miniature adults
- Socially, children were treated like adults
- Working, mingling with adults by the age of 6 or 7
Middle ages view of children
_______: Prediction drawn from a theory
Hypothesis
___ ___: Activities of participants
Research methods
____ ____ Overall plans for research studies
Research designs
____ ____:
• Behavior recorded in the field or natural environment
• Not all individuals have same opportunity to display behavior
• Cannot control conditions
Naturalistic observation
____ ____:
• Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior
• All participants have equal chance to display behavior
• May not be typical of participants’ everyday behaviors
Structured observation
_____ ____ :
-Flexible conversation to get participants’ points of view
-Reflects everyday life and provides large amount of information in
short amount of time
-May not result in accurate reporting of information
Clinical interview
____ ____:
- Each participant is asked same questions in the same way
- Permits comparisons of responses and efficient data collection
- Not as in-depth as clinical interview
Structured interview
____ ____ ___
- Brings together wide range of information, including interviews, observations, test scores
- Well-suited to studying individuals who are few in number but vary widely in characteristics
- May be influenced by researcher biases, and conclusions may not generalize to anyone other than person studied
Clinical/Case Study Method
________-
- Participant observation of a culture or distinct social group
- Mix of observations, self-reports, interpretation by investigator
- Investigators may observe selectively or misinterpret what they see
- Findings cannot be assumed to generalize beyond people and settings of research study
ethnography
- Researchers gather information on individuals, without altering experiences
- Studies relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behavior or development
- Cannot infer cause and effect
Correlational Research Design
_____ ____ ____
- Participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions Permits inferences about cause and effect
- Findings obtained in laboratories may not apply to everyday situations
Experimental Research Design
_______ _______
• Manipulatedbyinvestigator
• Expected to cause changes in another variable
independent variable:
- Measured but not manipulated
- expected to be influenced by the independent variable
Dependent variable
_____ ______:
- Conducted in natural setting
- Participants assigned randomly to treatment conditions
Field experiment:
____ ____
-Compare differences in treatments that already exist
-Groups chosen to ensure that their characteristics are
as much alike as possible
Natural, or quasi-, experiment:
Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages
Longitudinal
_______
Participants of differing ages studied at the same point in time
Cross-sectional
Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times
Sequential
____ ___ ___ ___
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Knowledge of results Beneficial treatments
Rights of research participants
The development of many continuous and non-continuous (discrete) characteristics is likely to be.
Multifactorial, that is, the result of the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors.
The term polygenic refers to the combined effects of many ____
genes
____ ___ ___
Assuming there are multiple genes and environmental factors conducive to high intelligence:
- most individuals receive a moderate amount of these factors (fall in the middle IQ range)
- a few individuals receive a very small amount (fall in the very low IQ range) - a few individuals receive a very large amount (fall in the very high IQ range)
Multifactorial Inheritance Model - continuous
______
- The proportion of variability in a trait that is attributable to inherited factors (in a particular population)
- Can be estimated from correlations between family members with differing degrees of genetic resemblance
Heritability
can genetic transmission be assumed if closer relative show greater similarity?
No: genetic and environmental factors are confounded in biological families, so similarity of relatives could be due to similarity of. genes or similarity of environment
Is intelligence inherited?
- Higher correlations between close than distant relatives
- consistent with genetic contribution, but environment and genes are confounded
..
- Identical twins are more similar than non-identical (fraternal) twins
- Consistent with ____ ___
genetic contribution
- Fraternal twins reared together are less similar than identical twins reared apart
- consistent with ___ ___
genetic contribution
- Non identical twins are more similar than ____
- Evidence for a role of environment
- both pairs share on average1 half their genes, and should therefore have a similar degree of resemblance in IQ
- the greater degree of environmental similarity in twins appears to increase their IQ similarity
siblings
Is intelligence inherited?
- Adopted children are as similar in IQ to their biological parents as to their adopted parents - evidence for a ___ ____
- In spite of never sharing the same environment, there is still a distinct similarity in IQ between adopted children and their biological parents
- When specific IQ abilities were examined, only verbal ability showed any similarity at all between children and their adopted parents
genetic contribution
What about characteristics other than intelligence?
- Similar analyses have been carried out on a range of characteristics
- Temperament and personality:
- activity level, shyness, sociability - extraversion and introversion
- Evidence of clear____ ____ to these characteristics has been demonstrated
genetic contributions
________: Individuals seek out an environment which suits their genotype
e.g. genetically endowed children may be drawn to playmates and other environmental input which facilitate intellectual development
“Niche-picking”
____ ___: for many characteristics, genes appear to set the boundaries within which environmental influences have their effects
e.g. intellectual ability - limits to the influence of environment
Reaction range
Contrast this with ______:
-some characteristics are restricted to very limited outcomes in all individuals
e.g. “genetic blueprint” for motor development: roll, sit, crawl walk, across a wide range of rearing conditions
Canalization
Stages of ____ _____
o Germinal stage
o Embryonic stage
o Fetal stage
prenatal development
What are \_\_\_\_\_? • Multiple factors that influence prenatal development • Maternal influences • Recreational Drugs • Environmental factors • Paternal influences
teratogens
____ ____ or Stage of the Zygote : 0 - 2 wks
Germinal Stage
_____ Stage: 2-8 wks
Embryonic
_____ Stage: 8 wks - birth (longest stage)
Fetal
_____ stage
- Fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube and implants in the uterus
- Only half successfully implant
germinal
_______ stage
- 2 – 8 weeks
- Major organs are being formed
- Neural tube forms approx. 14 days
- Spinal cord clearly visible here
- This embryo is 5 weeks old and approx. 1 cm long
embryonic stage
\_\_\_\_\_ stage In the first 4 weeks, beginnings of: - Nervous system (spine, brain) - Heart, veins and arteries, circulation - Eyes, ears, nose mouth forming - Muscles forming
embryonic stage
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - 30-50% spontaneous abortions - period of rapid development - major organs are being formed: risk of structural abnormalities - highly sensitive to external factors such as chemicals, drugs (teratogens)
embryonic stage
By 5 weeks:
- cornea and lens developing
By 6 weeks:
- brain developing rapidly
some movements
fetal stages (Embryonic stage_
A general principal of development (both prenatally and postnatally):
Development proceeds in two directions:
1. _________: from head downward
2. _____: from centre to periphery of body
Cephalocaudal ; Proximodistal
_______ development
- arm buds
- arms
- fingers
Proximodistal
___ _____ .: upper then lower limbs
Cephalocaudal development
Steps to ……
- Good prenatal care
- Rubella immunization
- Avoid exposure to contagious diseases
- Take only essential drugs
- Don’t smoke or do drugs
- Limit alcohol and caffeine consumption
- Check Rh status and take necessary steps 9. Good diet
minimize the risk of birth defects
__ ____
- Increased risk (prenatal and post natal) in older (> 35 years) and teenage mothers
- Teenage risks appear to be due to poorer care, nutrition
- Older mothers: Increased risk of:
chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome)
Prematuredelivery
Pregnancy complications (slightly higher risk)
maternal age
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Severe malnutrition associated with: - birth defects - birth complications - unresponsive or irritable babies.
-Worst effects if malnourishment occurs after 28 weeks, and continues after birth.
Maternal nutrition
_______ are environmental agents capable of producing death, malformations, growth deficiency or behavioural abnormalities as a result of prenatal exposure (eg diseases, toxins)
- The effects of ______ can depend on - the age of embryo/fetus
- what structures are developing at the time
Teratogens
____ ___
- period of greatest risk of abnormalities of structures
- different structures have different periods of greatest vulnerability
Embryonic stage
____ ___
- period of greatest risk of abnormalities of function
Fetal stage:
For most ______, sensitivity and effect depend on when the fetus is exposed
teratogens
_____ _____
-Risk of fetal abnormalities decrease as pregnancy progresses
Rubella virus (German Measles)
________
-Used for morning sickness in the 1960’s
-Several effects, including failure of limb formation
-Effects depended on time of exposure to drug (3-5 weeks post conception)
Malformations of limbs common, but also malformations of eyes, ears, nose, heart, urinary and digestive systems.
Thalidomide
______
- Treats severe acne
- Exposure during first trimester results in eye, ear, skull, brain, heart and immune system abnormalities
Patients who are taking this are required to commit to avoid pregnancy by using 2 forms of contraception
Isotretinoin
______
-Nicotine and carbon monoxide reduce oxygen supply to fetus
Increased risk of:
- retarded fetal growth -prematurity, low birth weight -miscarriage
- fetal death
Long term effect on child:
impulsivity, poorer memories, lower intelligence and achievement
Tobacco
Q: Did the “no-smoking contingent voucher” group smoke less?
Yes! 41% vs 10% by the end of pregnancy
Longer term effects on child:
- impulsivity, poorer memories,
Yes! 41% vs 10% by the end of pregnancy
Longer term effects on child:
- impulsivity, poorer memories,
Q: Was fetal growth superior in the contingent group (The only difference between the two groups should
be level of smoking - other confounding factors should be the same)
Yes! Significantly better fetal growth
_____
- The fetus is less efficient than adult at metabolising alcohol
- O2 is used to metabolise alcohol
- Interference with cell duplication
- Alcohol shows a dose-response relationship
- There is little agreement over what, if any, dose is safe in pregnancy
Alcohol
____ ___ ____
- Found in many children of mothers who drank heavily during pregnancy
Symptoms:
- Facial features: widely spaced eyes, flat nose, underdeveloped upper lip
- small head, underdeveloped brain
- heart and joint abnormalities
- can be irritable, hyperactive, seizures and tremors, poor attention span
- prenatal growth retardation, small birth weight
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
The brain of an ____ child (right) is smaller and lacks the convolutions characteristic of the brain of a normal child
Fetal alcohol syndrome
________ (Cannabis, LSD, Ecstacy/MDMA)
Marijuana/Cannabis
- Difficult to separate specific effects from general effects of associated lifestyle and attitudes
- Some evidence in heavy users (> 6 joints weekly) of
slowed prenatal growth, smaller head circumference, prematurity, tremors, startles, lack of interest in surroundings - Long-term effects: some evidence of effects on attention, memory, problem solving
Hallucinogens
Effects of ______ (cont.):
- high risk of addiction in utero, especially with heroin
- poor regulation of arousal & attention: swing between sluggish or irritable
- long term effects relatively subtle, if:
- neonatal addiction is treated
- good postnatal care
narcotics
________ (Cocaine,amphetamines,benzadrine)
Cocaine (often categorised with narcotics)
- Rapid drop in oxygen supply to fetal brain, especially after
high doses
- Crack cocaine a particular problem - rapid delivery of high
doses
- Confounding with lifestyle - most cocaine users also
smoke and drink
- Male babies seem to be more vulnerable than females - Long term effects subtle - depend on quality of care
Stimulants
Stimulants (cont.) : ______
- Not much research evidence to date
- Effects on arousal, lethargy, movement in newborns have been reported
Methamphetamine
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Very heavy caffeine use may increase the risk of : - Miscarriage - Low birth weight - Withdrawal symptoms in newborns
Recommended:No more than 1.5 cups of coffee daily
(NB chocolate and coke
92 newborns contain _____)
Caffeine
Mercury
- _____ _____: intellectual retardation, limb distortion
Minimata’s disease
_____
- prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, poorer mental and motor development
Lead
____ _____
- high paternal alcohol consumption is associated with lower birth weight
- narcotics and marijuana:
- lowered testosterone (needed for sperm production)
- lower sperm count, sperm motility
- some toxins can bind to sperm and increase risk of birth defects – cocaine?
- chemicals (e.g., agent orange defoliant in Vietnam soldiers> higher rate of birth defects)
- radiation: chromosome damage
paternal influences
Cognitive Development in the First ____ ___
• Throughout development, cognition and language mutually support each other
• Newborns become assertive, purposeful beings who solve simple problems and start to master language
• Toddlers’ first words build on early cognitive achievements, and new words and expressions increase the speed and flexibility of their thinking
two years
- _____ believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world”
• Little scientists
• These “understandings” are in the form of structures
he called schemes (or schemas)
Piaget
______: building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
Adaptation
______ : using current schemes to interpret the world
assimilation
_____: creating new schemes and adjusting old ones to better fit the environment
accommodation
____ ____: steady, comfortable state in which children assimilate more than they accommodate
• Cognitive equilibrium
______ ______: state of discomfort and rapid cognitive change in which children shift from assimilation to accommodation
• Cognitive disequilibrium
_________
– Internal process
– Linking together of schemes into an interconnected cognitive system
Organization
___ ____
– Stumble onto a new experience
– Repetition of chance behaviors forms them into schemes
Circular reaction:
Internal depictions the mind can manipulate
– ___: mental pictures of objects, people, spaces
– ______: categories of similar objects or events
Images ; concept
_____ _____:
– Ability to remember and copy past behavior of a model who is no
longer present
– Enriches toddlers’ range of sensorimotor schemes
deferred imitation
______ _____
– Requires inferring others’ intentions
– More likely to imitate purposeful rather than accidental behaviors
Inferred imitation:
_______ _____ :
- Realization that words can cue mental images of things not present
- Emerges around first birthday
- expands as memory and vocabulary improve
- facilitates learning and communication
displaced reference
Information is held for processing in three areas:
• _____ ______ : briefly stores sights and sounds
• _____ ______ ____ ____ :
– Attended-to information is retained briefly and “worked” on
– Working memory: number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also monitoring or manipulating them
• _____ ___: permanent knowledge base
Sensory register
Short-term memory store:
Long-term memory
Gains in ____ _____: mental operations and strategies for cognitively challenging situations.
– Controlling attention
– Coordinating information in working memory – Planning
executive function
Cognitive Gains in Infancy and Toddlerhood
___________
– Improved efficiency, ability to shift focus
– Early attraction to novelty gives way to
sustained attention
_______
-Longer retention intervals
-Recognition and recall improve steadily with age
-Long-term recall advances as brain’s neural circuits develop
Attention:
;
Memory
___ ___ __ __ : tasks too difficult for child to do alone but possible with help of a skilled partner
Zone of proximal development
______ : promotes learning at all ages
• Scaffolding
_____: applying newly learned word too narrowly
• Underextension
________: applying word too broadly
• Overextension
Two-wordutterances:
e.g.
“Me eat”
“You eat”
Telegraphicspeech
Children’s roles- how much does a child actually play into their own development. Do they just soak in everything?
Is it important that they engage.
How they learn as a infant. Disc- they are taking stepwise progression
Continuity/discontinuity
____ ______ how culture plays a role.
Socio-cultural context
______ _______ how we are each unique in our own way. Some theories really emphasizes this.
Individual differences
______ ______ talking about what research has been done and how that can enhance children’s welfare.
Research and children’s welfare
T/F?
The rise fear after 6 months is adaptive because it keeps newly mobile babies enthusiasm for exploration in check.
True
T/F?
The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it keeps newly mobile babies enthusiasm for exploration in check.
True
T/F?
Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.
True
Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen’s skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of _______.
A) Sustained attention
B) lovely preference
C) Accommodation
D) Scaffolding
D) Scaffolding
According to Vygtsky, children master activities through ________.
A) interaction with the physical environment
B) trial and error
C) joint activities with more nature members of their society
D) operant conditioning and modeling
C) joint activities with more nature members of their society
Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to \_\_\_\_\_. A) Categorize B) Habituate C) defer imitate D) sustain attention
A) categorize
In the information-processing system, information first enters the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) sensory register B) central executive C) long-term memory store D) short-term memory store
A) sensory register
Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick uses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) An expressive style B) a referential style C) infant-directed speech D) telegraphic speech
C) infant-directed speech
Two-year-old Eva's parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding. They provide suitable guidance and reassurance. According to Erikson's theory, Eva will develop \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) mistrust B) autonomy C) basic trust D) industry
B) autonomy
Which of the following would be most likely to evoke Jasper’s first laugh?
A) Her sister saying “Here I come!” and kissing his tummy
B) his father saying “babababa” as he strokes Jasper’s arms
C) his brother playing a silent game of peekaboo
D) his mother quietly singing to him while rocking him
A) Her sister saying “Here I come!” and kissing his tummy
After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousins, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing \_\_\_\_\_. A) envy B) shame C) pride D) empathy
B) shame
Fertilization usually takes place in the Fallopian tube.
A) True
B) False
A) True
During the period of the fetus, the most rapid prenatal changes take place.
A) True
B) False
B) False
research indicated that fetal activity towards the end of pregnancy is linked to infant temperament.
A) True
B) False
A) true
An individual’s unique genetic information is called genotype.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Which period of prenatal development is the longest? A) Fetal Period B) All are the same C) Embryonic period D) Period of zygote
A) Fetal Period
The age of viability occurs sometimes between \_\_\_\_\_ weeks A) 20 and 24 B) 26 and 30 C) 22 and 26 D) 36 and 40
C) 22 and 26
What is a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes called? A) information B) chromosomes bits C) gene D) phenotype
b) chromosome bits
We have 22 matching pairs of chromosomes, called \_\_\_\_\_ . A) autosomes B) zygote C) ovum D) gametes
A) autosomes
According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a language acquisition device that contains a universal grammar.
A) True
B) False
A) true
Piaget believed that infant and toddlers ______
A) assimilate more than they accommodate
b) are incapable of constructing schemas
c) “think” with their eyes, ears, and hands
d) carry out many activities inside their heads
c) “think” with their eyes, ears, and hands
Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched wit interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was \_\_\_\_ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme. A) accomodating b) assimilating c) equalizing d)organizing
b) assimilating
during times of rapid cognitive change, children ________
A) are in a state of disequilibrium
b) are likely to construct inefficient scheme
c) assimilate more than they accommodate
d) balance assimilation and accommodation
A) are in a state of disequilibrium
Nine month old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master ____
a) reflexive schemes
b) deferred imitation
c) object permanence
d) the territory circular reaction
c) object permanence
Research using the violation-of-expection method may use \_\_\_\_\_ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines A) habituation B) imitation C) assimilation D) accommodation
A) habituation
When 12 month old Trent's dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny, Trent looks at and point to the pillow where the bunny actually rests. Trent is displaying \_\_\_\_\_ A) deferred imitation B) displaced reference C) the violation of expectation method D) inferred imitation
B) displaced reference
