Exam 2 Rev- study Flashcards
_____ ______ ______
The hemisphere of the cerebral cortex responsible for skilled motor action and other important abilities. In right-handed individuals, the left-hemisphere is dominant; in left-handed individuals, motor and language skills are often shared between the hemispheres.
Dominant cerebral hemisphere
_____
General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation, eg: when asked to tell what happens at a restaurant, a 3 year old might say, “You go in, get the food, eat, and then pay.” Although children’s first scripts contain only a few acts, they are almost always recalled in correct sequence. Scripts help children and adults organize and interpret routine experiences.
Scripts-
_____ ______ A stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises.
Dominance hierarchy
_____ A structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of body movement.
Cerebellum
_______ thinking about thought; a theory of mind, or coherent set of ideas about mental activities.
Metacognition
_____ _____ ____- Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, extending from about 7 to 11 years, during which thought becomes logical, flexible, and organized in it’s application to concrete information, but the capacity for abstract thinking is not yet present.
Concrete operational stage
_____ ______- a structure in the brainstem that maintains alertness and consciousness.
Reticular formation
____ ____ ____- the understanding of one’s own and others’ mental states and includes, among others, understanding of thoughts, intentions, desires, or beliefs.
Ex: knowing the state of mind of Jimmy because he dropped his ice cream. You are able to understand he is sad and might try to make him feel better.
Theory of mind
______- the ability to order items along a quantitative dimensions, such as length or weight.
Seriation
_______- An inner brain structure that plays a central role in processing of novelty and emotional information.
(Emotion Center)
Amygdala
______ _______ the ability to reflect on and manipulate the second structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words, to rhyming, and to incorrect pronunciation. A strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge.
Phonological awareness-
______ _____- the ability to seriate, or order items along a quantitative dimensions, mentally.
The ability to deduce that if Item B is related to Item C and Item C is related to Item D, then Item B must be related to Item D.
Transitive inference
______- An inner-brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
Hippocampus
________ overextension of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions.
Overregularization
_____ _____- mental representations of familiar spaces, such as classroom, school, or neighborhood.
Cognitive maps
_____ _____- the large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. Supports smooth coordination of movement on both sides of the body and integration of many aspects of thinking.
Corpus callosum
____- the practical, social side of language concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication.
Pragmatics
_____- a memory strategy that involves repeating information to oneself .
Rehearsal
____ ___- a gland located at the base of the brain that releases hormones that induce physical growth.
Pituitary gland
_____- adult responses that restructure childrens grammatically inaccurate speech into correct form.
Recasts
_______- In Piaget’s Theory, the internal rearrangement and linking of schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system. In information, a memory strategy that involves grouping related items together to improve recall.
Organization
_____ _____- A pituitary hormone that affects the development of almost all body tissues.
Growth hormone
______- Adult responses that elaborate on children’s speech, increasing in complexity.
Expansions
______- A memory strategy that involves creating a relationship, or shared meaning, between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category.
Elaboration
______ ______- A pituitary hormone that prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have it’s full impact on body size.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
____________- In Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of early childhood, which is resolved positively through play experiences that foster a healthy sense of initiative and through development of a superego, or conscience that is not overly strict and guilt ridden.
Initiative vs guilt
_____ ______- A form of perspective taking that involves the ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives– that is, to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking.
Recursive thought
_____ _____- Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, extending from about 2 to 7 years of age, in which children undergo an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, although thought is not yet logical.
Preoperational stage
____ _____- The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
Self-concept
____ ______- the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccesful efforts.
Cognitive self-regulation
____ _____- the make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood.
Sociodramatic play
___ ____- An aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one’s own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments.
Self-esteem
_____ ______- An approach to beginning reading instruction in which children are exposed to text in it’s complete form, using reading materials that are whole and meaningful, to promote appreciation of the communicative function of written language. Distinguished from phonies approach.
Whole-language approach
_____ ______- the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.
Dual representation
____ _____- emotions involving injury to or enhancements of the sense of self, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride
Self-conscious emotions
____ _____- An approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes coaching children on phonics– the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds– before exposing then to complex reading material. Distinguished from whole-language approach.
Phonics approach
_______-
Failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own. Children tend to focus on their own viewpoint and simply assume others perceive, think, and feel the same way they do. It involves the 3 mountains problem. Responsible for pre-operational children’s Animistic thinking: the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions.
Egocentrism
______ _____-
Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
Prosocial (altruistic) behavior
____ __ _____
In Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks.
Industry vs inferiority-
______ -refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2–7, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11. In which the child realizes that properties of objects—such as mass, volume, and number—remain the same, despite changes in the form of the objects.
Conservation
_______
Feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight.
Sympathy
______ _____
Judgements of their appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.
Social comparisons
______
Children focus on one aspect of the situation, neglecting other important features, eg: in conservation of liquid, the child centers on the height of the water, failing to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height. Also children are easily distracted by the perceptual appearance of objects and treat the initial and final states of the water as unrelated events, ignoring the dynamic transformation (pouring or water) between them.
Centration
_____
The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.
Empathy
_____ _____- children attribute their success to their abilities and take an incremental view of ability, meaning they feel they can increase their abilities through their effort.
Mastery-oriented attributions
_____- is a stage in early child development in which a child falsely b
believe that actions cannot be reversed or undone.
Irreversibility
____ _____-is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own
Gender typing
____ _____- children attribute their failures (not their achievements) to their ability. They take an entity view of ability in that it cannot be improved by trying hard. ______ _______ emerges over a child’s lifetime as a result of uncontrollable bad experiences. They develop a perceived lack of control of many aspects of their lives, thus leading to a generalized helplessness.
Learned helplessness
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences. -Piaget’s class inclusion problem: Children are shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. Asked, “Are there more red flowers or flowers?” The preoperational child responds, “More red flowers,” failing to realize that both red and blue flowers are included in the category of “flowers.”
Hierarchical classification
____ _____-is one’s personal experience of one’s own gender. Gender identity can correlate with assigned sex at birth, or can differ from it.
Gender identity
____ ____- this type of praise evaluates a child’s traits, like his intelligence [1]. Person praise evaluates a child globally, telling her that she is good or smart or outstanding. Examples of this kind of praise include, “You’re a good girl”, “You’re so good at this”, or “I’m very proud of you”
Person praise
_____ _____-is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior. Children from two to about seven years old can be observed engaging in private speech. Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others.
Private speech
_____- is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Usually used to describe characters or persons who have no specific gender, gender ambiguity may also be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle
Androgyny
____ ____-centers around someone’s behavior rather than on a fixed trait. It focuses on what someone did not who someone is. It focuses on the effort and strategy behind a specific behavior. “You worked hard!” “You thought of a terrific way to help that person.”
Process praise
_____
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance. When the child has little notion of how to proceed, the adult uses direct instruction, breaking the task into manageable units, suggesting strategies, and offering rationales for using them.
Scaffolding
_____ _____
A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change.
-Then children use this knowledge to guide their gender-related behavior.
-Gender constancy task can be considered a type of conservation problem, in that children must conserve a person’s sex despite a superficial change in his or her appearance.
Gender constancy
___________-targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress. Problem focused strategies aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor, including: Problem-solving. Time-management.
Problem-centered coping
_____ _____-
A broader concept that scaffolding. It refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication. It allows for variations across situations and cultures.
Guided participation
_____ ____ _____-children adjust their behavior to align with the gender norms of their culture from the earliest stages of social development.These gender schemas are used to organize and direct the child’s behavior based on his or her society’s gender norms and expectations related to the child’s gender.
Gender schema theory
____ _____-involves trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration. This may be the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person’s control.
Emotion-centered coping
____ ____
Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering. Improvement in recall in early childhood is strongly associated with language development, which greatly enhances long lasting representations of past experiences, but even preschoolers are not skilled at using memory strategies
Memory strategies-
_____- is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.
Obesity
____ ___
Collectives of peers who generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers. Peer groups organize on the basis of proximity (being in the same classroom) and similarity in sex, ethnicity, academic achievement, popularity, and aggression. During the group, children acquire many social skills, cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.
Peer groups
____ ____- is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
Episodic memory
____________- has been defined as physically vigorous behaviors, such as chase and play fighting, that are accompanied by positive feelings between the players.
Rough-and-tumble play
____ ____
Refers to likability, the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as worthy social partner. Likability is not a mutual relationship, but a one-sided perspective, involving the group’s view of an individual.
Peer acceptance
_____ ____
Information removed from the context in which it was first learned that has become part of your general knowledge base. Between ages 3 and 6 years, children’s improve sharply in memory for relations among stimuli, eg: in a set of photos, they remember not just the animals they saw but their contexts, such as a bear emerging from a tunnel or a zebra tied to a tree.
Semantic memory
