Exam 3- final Flashcards
Which teenage boy is the most likely to feel profoundly lonely?
A) 17-year-old Christian, who spends Friday night at youth group
B) 16-year-old Myron, who spends Thursday night playing football
C) 18-year-old Jerimiah, who spends Saturday night working
D) 15-year-old Maurice, who spends Saturday night at home
D) 15-year-old Maurice, who spends Saturday night at home
Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________.
A) around the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers B) on target; late C) early; relatively late D) relatively late; early
C) early; relatively late
Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?
A) pubic hair
B) scrotum
C) testes
D) ovaries
A) pubic hair
According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________.
A) mistrust
B) inferiority
C) isolation
D) role confusion
D) role confusion
Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls tend to be popular, self-confident, and sociable.
A) True
B) False
B) False
In adolescence, girls’ friendships usually focus on communal concerns, boys’ on achievement and status.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Both Freud and Erikson pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Behaviorism has been praised for acknowledging people’s contributions to their own development.
A) True
B) False
B) False
The researcher is interested in whether frequent exposure to violent television programming in early childhood predicts aggressive and antisocial behavior in adulthood.
A) Sequential
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-sectional
B) Longitudinal
This design does not permit the study of individual developmental trends. Age differences may be distorted because of cohort effects.
A) Sequential
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-sectional
C) Cross-sectional
Research indicates that Piaget underestimated the competencies of infants and preschoolers.
A) True
B) False
A) True
According to Vygotsky, social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Bronfenbrenner characterized the environment as dynamic and ever-changing.
A) True
B) False
A) True
In Piaget’s theory, as the brain develops and children’s experiences expand, they move through four broad stages, each characterized by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking.
A) True
B) False
A) True
To investigate age-related changes in adults’ problem-solving skills, the researcher selects three samples—adults in their thirties, adults in their fifties, and adults in their seventies—and tracks each group for five years.
A) Cross-sectional
B) Longitudinal
C) Sequential
C) Sequential
To investigate how children of different ages process traumatic events, such as school violence, the researcher recruits children who are in grades 6, 9, and 12 in the 2016–2017 school year and interviews them about their responses to the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013.
A) Cross-sectional
B) Sequential
C) Longitudinal
A) Cross-sectional
Fertilization usually takes place in the fallopian tube.
A) True
B) False
A) True
During the period of the fetus, the most rapid prenatal changes take place.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Which period of prenatal development is the longest?
A) Fetal period
B) All are the same
C) Embryonic period
D) Period of the zygote
A) Fetal period
The age of viability occurs sometime between _______ weeks.
A) 20 and 24
B) 26 and 30
C) 22 and 26
D) 36 and 40
C) 22 and 26
Research indicates that fetal activity toward the end of pregnancy is linked to infant temperament.
A) True
B) False
A) True
An individual’s unique genetic information is called genotype.
A) True
B) False
A) True
What is a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes called?
A) information
B) chromosome bits
C) gene
D) phenotype
C) gene
We have 22 matching pairs of chromosomes, called ___________.
A) autosomes
B) zygote
C) ovum
D) gametes
A) autosomes
Infants and toddlers grow in little spurts.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Crawling is an example of a fine-motor skill.
A) True
B) False
B) False
During infancy, __________. These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.
A) girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified
B) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; disappear
C) girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys; reverse
D) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; be greatly magnified
A) girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified
__________ is associated with slower weight gain over the first year, leaner body build through early childhood, and 10 to 20 percent reduced obesity risk in later life.
A) Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months
B) Introducing solid foods after 12 months
C) Combining breast- and bottle-feeding for the first year
D) Bottle-feeding exclusively after the first six weeks
A) Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months
Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria’s mother later notices that each time Gloria is placed on the pillow, she makes sucking movements. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A) placement on the pillow
B) crying
C) sucking
D) breast milk
A) placement on the pillow
According to the __________ trend, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body during the prenatal period.
A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) neuroproximal
D) cranial
A) cephalocaudal
The __________ is responsible for the highly developed intelligence of the human species.
A) cerebral cortex
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) hypothalamus
A) cerebral cortex
When animals reared from birth in physically and socially stimulating surroundings are compared with those reared in isolation, the brains of the stimulated animals __________.
A) show denser synaptic connections
B) are smaller
C) are lighter
D) show loss of more functions
A) show denser synaptic connections
According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a language acquisition device that contains a universal grammar.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Piaget believed that infants and toddlers __________.
A) assimilate more than they accommodate
B) are incapable of constructing schemes
C) “think” with their eyes, ears, and hands
D)carry out many activities inside their heads
C) “think” with their eyes, ears, and hands
Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was __________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.
A) accommodating
B) assimilating
C) equalizing
D) organizing
B) assimilating
During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________.
A) are in a state of disequilibrium
B) are likely to construct inefficient schemes
C) assimilate more than they accommodate
D) balance assimilation and accommodation
A) are in a state of disequilibrium
Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.
A) reflexive schemes
B) deferred imitation
C) object permanence
D) the tertiary circular reaction
C) object permanence
Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.
A) habituation
B) imitation
C) assimilation
D) accommodation
A) habituation
When 12-month-old Trent’s dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny, Trent looks at and points to the pillow where the bunny usually rests. Trent is displaying __________.
A) deferred imitation
B) displaced reference
C) the violation-of-expectation method
D) inferred imitation
B) displaced reference
The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it keeps newly mobile babies’ enthusiasm for exploration in check.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen’s skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.
A) sustained attention
B) novelty preference
C) accommodation
D) Scaffolding
D) Scaffolding
According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.
A) interaction with the physical environment
B) trial and error
C) joint activities with more mature members of their society
D) operant conditioning and modeling
C) joint activities with more mature members of their society
Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to __________.
A) categorize
B) habituate
C) defer imitate
D) sustain attention
A) categorize
In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.
A) sensory register
B) central executive
C) long-term memory store
D)short-term memory store
A) sensory register
Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick uses __________.
A) an expressive style
B) a referential style
C) infant-directed speech
D) telegraphic speech
C) infant-directed speech
Two-year-old Eva’s parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding. They provide suitable guidance and reassurance. According to Erikson’s theory, Eva will develop __________
A) mistrust
B) autonomy
C) basic trust
D) industry
B) autonomy
Which of the following would be most likely to evoke Jasper’s first laugh?
A) his sister saying “Here I come!” and kissing his tummy
B) his father saying “bababababa” as he strokes Jasper’s arms
C) his brother playing a silent game of peekaboo
D) his mother quietly singing to him while rocking him
A) his sister saying “Here I come!” and kissing his tummy
After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing __________.
A) envy
B) shame
C) pride
D) empathy
B) shame
Research reveals that heredity, not environment, is the cause of obesity.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin’s parents encourage her to eat a new food?
A) Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.
B) Reward her with dessert if she eats the new food.
C) Add salt or sugar to the new food to increase her willingness to eat it.
D) Make her stay at the table until she takes a few bites of the new food.
A) Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.
Four-year-old Noam focuses on his own viewpoint and assumes that others perceive, think, and feel the same way he does. Noam’s thinking is __________.
A) egocentric
B) magical
C) animistic
D) operational
A) egocentric
Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is “all spread out.” Jasmine is demonstrating a lack of understanding of __________.
conservation
egocentrism
animistic thinking
centration
conservation
When putting together a puzzle with her son, Mim selects a puzzle that is slightly too difficult for him to put together alone and adjusts the support offered to her son to fit his current level of performance. Mim is engaging in __________.
scaffolding
dual representation
proximal teaching
discovery learning
scaffolding
Kahng shows a group of preschoolers a tray with a set of 10 familiar items. She then takes the tray out of the room and asks the children to name the items they saw. Dr. Kahng is testing ____.
recall memory
recognition memory
episodic memory
sustained attention
recall memory
The pituitary gland is responsible for releasing two growth inducing hormones - growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.
True
False
True
Body growth in early childhood begins to speed up compared to the first couple years of life.
True
False
False
Preschoolers who experience emotion intensely tend to be skilled at inhibiting feelings and shifting their attention away from disturbing events.
True
False
False
Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
True
False
True
According to Erikson, preschoolers’ exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they __________.
A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults
B) identify too strongly with the other-sex parent
C) have an overly lenient superego
D) identify too strongly with the same-sex parent
A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults
The more parents __________, the more “emotion words” children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.
A) encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers
Correct!
B) label emotions, explain them, and express warmth when conversing with preschoolers
D) expect their children to behave like adults
C) label their children’s successes and failures and point out when their children make errors
B) label emotions, explain them, and express warmth when conversing with preschoolers
Poor emotional regulators __________ often display __________.
A) less; personal distress
B) more; sympathetic concern
C) more; altruistic behavior
D) less; prosocial behavior
D) less; prosocial behavior
Research reveals that heredity, not environment, is the cause of obesity.
True
False
False
In diverse cultures, the more time children spend reading, writing, using the computer, and doing other close work, the more likely they are to be myopic.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Which child is particularly susceptible to injury in middle childhood?
A) Diana, who is strong in self-regulation
B) Luz, who is impulsive and highly active
C) Fernando, who is shy and moderately active
D) June, who is quiet and inactive
B) Luz, who is impulsive and highly active
Children’s growth during middle childhood goes in regular spurts.
True
False
False
During middle childhood, children’s upper body grows faster than the lower portion of their body.
True
False
False
Boys are taller and heavier until approximately what age, at which this pattern reverses for a while?
9 years old
6 years old
12 years old
15 years old
15 years old
Injury fatalities in the US increase with age, and the gap between boys and girls expands beginning around age 11 years.
True
False
True
Children in middle childhood are in Piaget’s _________ stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years old.
formal operational
concrete operational
preoperational
sensorimotor
concrete operational
During a conservation-of-water experiment, 8-year-old Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of __________.
decentration
seriation
reversibikity
class inclusion
decentration
Which statement about planning is true?
Planning on multistep tasks declines over the school years.
Adult-controlled activities help children engage in advance planning.
The demands of school tasks contribute to declines in school-age children’s planning.
Children learn much about planning from collaborating with more expert planners.
Children learn much about planning from collaborating with more expert planners.
Children’s cognitive maps show that school-age children’s understanding of __________ is more accurate than that of preschoolers.
quantity
categories
time
space
space
When presented with Piaget’s conservation tasks, 9-year-old Ramon demonstrates reversibility. This means that Ramon can __________.
A) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
B) order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
C) focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time
D) focus on several aspects of a problem and then center on just one
A) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
Yolanda and Steve want their son, Manny, to attain full proficiency in English and Spanish. To achieve this goal, Manny’s mastery of the second language should begin __________.
in early adulthood
in early adolescence
in late adolescence
sometime in childhood
sometime in childhood
In problem-centered coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it
True
False
True
Children who receive many votes, both positive and negative, on self-reports of social preferences (are both liked and disliked) are considered rejected children.
True
False
False
Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?
A) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
B) Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental.
C) Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.
D) Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.
A) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.
an ideal self
learned helplessness
mastery-oriented attributions
a realistically oriented view of ability
learned helplessness
Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.
preschool
adolescence
toddlerhood
middle childhood
middle childhood
According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
inferiority
shame
despair
mistrust
inferiority
