Exam 1 Flashcards
Fertilization usually takes place in the Fallopian tube.
A) True
B) False
A) True
During the period of the fetus, the most rapid prenatal changes take place.
A) True
B) False
B) False
research indicated that fetal activity towards the end of pregnancy is linked to infant temperament.
A) True
B) False
A) true
An individual’s unique genetic information is called genotype.
A) True
B) False
A) True
What is a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes called? A) information B) Chromosomes bits C) Gene D) Phenotype
C) Gene
Which period of prenatal development is the longest? A) Fetal Period B) All are the same C) Embryonic period D) Period of zygote
A) Fetal Period
The age of viability occurs sometimes between \_\_\_\_\_ weeks A) 20 and 24 B) 26 and 30 C) 22 and 26 D) 36 and 40
C) 22 and 26
What is a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes called? A) information B) chromosomes bits C) gene D) phenotype
b) chromosome bits
We have 22 matching pairs of chromosomes, called \_\_\_\_\_ . A) autosomes B) zygote C) ovum D) gametes
A) autosomes
____
Hereditary information
Received from parents at conception
Nature
____
Physical and social forces
Influences biological and psychological development
Nurture
______ ____, a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
developmental science
a ____ is an orderly, integrated set of statement that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
Ex: a good ___ of infant-caregiver attachment would
1. describe the behaviors of babies of 6 to 8 months of age as they seek the affection and comfort of a familiar adult
2. explain how and why infants develop this strong desire to bond with a caregiver, and
3. predict the consequences of this emotional bond for future relationships.
theory
Our large storehouse of information about development is ________. It has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study. Because of the need for solutions to everyday problems at all ages, research from psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology and neuroscience have joined forces in research with professionals from education, family studies, medicine, etc.
interdisciplinary
_______ a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
continuous
_____ : a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
discontinuous
_____ : qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development.
-change is fairly sudden rather than gradually
stages
____ unique combination of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
contexts
are genetic or environmental factors more important? This is the age-old ____ ___ ____
nature and nurture controversy
Theorist, taking a more optimistic view, see development as having substantial ____ throughout life– as open to change in response to influential experiences.
plasticity
A leading systems approach is the ____ ____. Four assumptions make up this broader view: the development is
- lifelong
- multidimensional and multidirectional
- highly plastic
- affected by multiple interacting forces
lifespan perspective
Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last are called _____ ____
age-graded influences
_____ ____ explain why people born around the same time– called cohort– tend to be alike in ways that them apart from people born at all other times.
history-graded influences
____ ____ are events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.
non normative influences
_____ ____ measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.
normative approach
According to ____ ___, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the persons ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.
Psychoanalytic perspective
_____ ____ emphasizes that how parents manage their Childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for the healthy personality development.
psychosexual theory
____ ____ by Erikson, emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.
psychosocial theory
According to ____, directly observable events stimuli and responses- are the appropriate focus of study.
behaviorism
_____ ____ ___ the most influential, devised by Albert Bendura emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful spruce of development.
social learning theory
____ ___ ___ consists of careful observations of individual behavior and related environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. The goal is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increases desirable responses.
applied behavior analysis
According to ____ _____, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
cognitive-development theory
The design of digital computers that use mathematically specified steps to solve problems suggested to psychologists that the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows– a perspective called _____ _____
information processing
___ _____ : it bring together researches from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
cognitive neuroscience
A complimentary new era, _____ ___ ____, is devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development.
developmental social neuroscience
____ is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
ethology
A ____ _____ is a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. However, its boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.
sensitive period
Recently, researchers have extended this effort in a new area of research called ____ ___ ___. It seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies chase with age.
evolutionary developmental psychology
_____ _____ focuses on how culture- the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group- is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygonsky, social interaction- in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knlowedgabwle members of society- is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture.
social cultural theory
______ ____ ___ views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
ecological system theory
the innermost level of the environment, the ________ , contains of activities and interaction patterns in the person’s immediate surroundings.
microsystem
The second level of Bronfenbrenner’s model, the _____, encompasses connections between Microsystems.
mesosystem
The _____ consists of social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affects experiences in immediate settings.
exosystem
One approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest– a method called ____ ___
naturalistic observations
In a ____ ___, researches use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participants point of view.
clinical interview
____ ____ (including tests and questionnaires), in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way, eliminate the problem.
structured interviews
An outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory, the ___, or ___ ___, method bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores.
clinical, or case study, or method
_____ ____ is a descriptive, qualitative technique. But instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed towards understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation.
enthrographic research
In a ____ ___, researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experience. Then they look at relationships between participants characteristics and their behavior or development.
correlational design
____ ____, a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other.
correlation coefficient
An ____ ___ permits inferences about cause and effects because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions.
experimental design
The ____ ___ is the one of the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
independent variable
The ___ ____ is the one investigators expects to be influenced by the independent variable.
dependent variable
To protect against confusion of what variable produced the behavior, researchers engage in ____ ___ of participants to treatment conditions. By using an unbiased procedure, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin, investigators increase the chances that participants characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.
random assignment
In ___ ___, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.
field experiment
often researchers cannot randomly assign participants and manipulate conditions in the real world. Sometimes they can compromise by conducing ____ ____ comparing treatment that already exist, such as different family environments, schools, workplaces, or retirement villages.
natural experiment
