TESTS Flashcards
Principle: The concentration of dissolved particles in a
solution determines the velocity and angle of light
passing through a solution
Refractometer
Primary test for routine urinalysis is the ___________
reagent strip test
Principle is based on the number of hydrogen ions (H+)
released from a polyelectrolyte (pKa) is proportional to
the number of ions in the urine
Reagent strip
The indicator on the reagent strip is ____________
* Reaction - yellow-green _______
green-blue ______
bromothymol blue
(acid)
(alkaline)
Considered more representative of renal concentrating
ability than specific gravity because it measures only
the number of particles and their size is not relevant
osmolality
Clinical significance
* Detection of systemic acid-base disorders
* Identification of urinary crystals
pH
Reagent strips measure primarily albumin
Protein
A result of 30 mg/dL in protein or greater is considered clinical ___________
Proteinuria
Clinically significant proteinuria is primarily caused
by ____________or ____________
glomerular or tubular disorders
Requires a different reagent strip capable of testing for
only albumin at levels below 10 mg/dL
Provides early detection of renal disease, particularly
in patients with diabetes
Microalbuminuria
The renal threshold for glucose is _________ mg/dL
160 to 180
Clinical significance
- Diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes (placental
hormones blocking insulin) - Hormonal disorders and stress block insulin production
and actions - Renal tubular disorders prevent tubular reabsorption
of glucose
glucose
Intermediate metabolites of fat, acetoacetic acid,
acetone, and b-hydroxybutyric acid
ketones
Clinical significance: Diabetes mellitus, monitoring of
insulin therapy, starvation, malabsorption, and loss of
carbohydrates (vomiting)
ketones
Positive reactions of BLOOD are seen with __________, __________, and ____________
hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria
Clinical significance: Both hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria
can cause _____________
acute renal failure
Bleeding within the genitourinary system, including renal calculi, trauma, anticoagulants, glomerulonephritis,
and pyelonephritis
hematuria
Intravascular hemolysis/transfusion reactions, lysis of old RBCs by dilute alkaline urine
Hemoglobinuria
Rhabdomyolysis caused by muscle wasting disorders, crush injuries, prolonged coma, and cholesterol statin drugs
Myoglobinuria
Products of hemoglobin degradation:
bilirubin and urobilinogen
Clinical significance: Early detection of liver disease
and hemolytic disorders, constipation
Urobilinogen
Detects the presence of reductase-producing bacteria
that can convert urinary nitrate to nitrite
Nitrite
Clinical significance: Early detection of urinary tract
infection
* A positive nitrite test should be accompanied by a
positive leukocyte esterase test
* May be used to screen specimens for microbiology
testing
Nitrite
Detects the presence of granulocytic WBCs, including
lysed WBCs
Leukocyte Esterase
Clinical significance: Urinary tract infections, including
with non–reductase-containing bacteria and parasitic
and fungal organisms that would have a negative
nitrite test
Leukocyte Esterase
