Testis, Epididymis and Penis Flashcards
What is cryptorchidism and what are some cause and complications?
Cryptorchidism = one or both testes have not descended.
Causes:
- Agenesis
- Undescended
- Ectopic
Complications:
- Testicular torsion risk
- Subfertility
- Malignant transformation (5x higher risk)
What is epididymo orchitis?
Inflammation of the epididymis and/or testes, usually due to infection.
What is testicular torsion
Twisting of spermatic cord, blocking venous drainage of the testis.
What is a huge risk factor for testicualr torsion?
Anatomical defect where testis is not attached to tunica vaginalis.
What type of cells develop into tumours in the testes?
Germ cell tumours
How are germ cell tumours classed?
Divided into seminomas and non-seminomas.
Non-seminoma:
- Embryonal carcinoma
- yolk sac tumour
- Choriocarcinoma
- Teratoma
Risk factors for testicular tumour?
- Caucasian
- Undescended testis
- Inguinal hernia
- Family history
Presentation of testicular tumour?
- Painless swelling/lump
- Hormonal manifestations (gynaecomastia)
- Feels heavy
Prognosis and treatment of Seminoma?
Good progosis
Treated with:
- Orchidectomy
- Chemo/radio
Seminomas are strongly associated with which testicular malformation?
Cryptorchidism
4 subtypes of non-seminoma germ cell tumours?
- Embryonal carcinoma
- Yolk sac tumour
- Teratoma
- Choriocarcinoma
Which hormone is elevated in choriocarcinoma?
hCG - same hormone that is used in pregnancy tests
Which hormone is elevated in yolk sac tumours?
Serum AFP
Diagnostic tools of testicular tumours
- Ultrasound
- Measurement of serum tumour markers (AFP - yolk sac, hCG - choriocarcinoma)
- CT scan looking for metastases
What is the names (2) for malformation of urethral canal in the penis?
Hypospadias - urethral opening on ventral surface of penis (below)
Epispadias - urethral opening on dorsal surface of penis (above)
