Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards
4 main endocrine cells types of pancreas?
- β - Insulin (regulates glucose in tissues, reduces blood glucose)
- α - Glucagon (stimulates glycogenesis, increases blood sugar)
- δ - Somatostatin (suppresses glucagon and insulin release)
- PP - Pancreatic polypeptide (stimulates gastric and intestinal enzymes)
What are some causes of hyperglycaemia?
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Glucocorticoids
- Gestational diabetes
How do T1D and T2D present?
T1D:
- Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
- Without insulin, become ketotic → coma → death
T2D:
- Fatigue, dizziness
- Asymptomatic
What is are the mechanisms behind progressive peripheral insulin resistance?
- Free fatty acids
- Adipokines
- Inflammation
Results in beta-cell dysfunction as cells max out capacity to increase insulin secretion
Two scenarios through which gestational DM can occur?
- Patient with pre-existing diabetes becomes pregnant
- Pregnancy results in impaired glucose tolerance
Consequences of gestational DM on mother and child?
- Risk of stillbirth
- Macrosomia
- Increased diabets risk in fetus and mother
WHat happens to gestational DM after pregnancy?
Typically resolves.
What is the mechanism of ketoacidosis?
Hyperglycaemia induces ketogenic state, increasing fat breakdown and increasing ketone bodies → ketoacidosis.
Which type of diabetes can result in a hyperosmolar, hyperosmotic state?
What does it mean?
T2D
Severe dehydration due to severe osmotic diuresis due to hyperglycaemia
Symptoms of hypoglycaemia
Overtreatment of hyperglycaemia:
- Dizziness
- Tachycardia
- Palpitations
Hyperglycaemic state can induce vascular damage. What are the two types of vascular damage and their consequences?
Macroangiopathy
- Atherosclerosis
- Ischaemic heart disease (myocardial infarction - most common cause of death in diabetics)
- Cerebrovascular disease
Microangiopathy
- Retinopathy (cataracts, glaucoma, blindness)
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
