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Reproductive > Testicular Function > Flashcards

Testicular Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major functions of reproductive organs?

A

Gametogenesis

Secretion of hormones

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2
Q

Which hormones are released by the male and female reproductive organs?

A

Male: testosterone from Leydig cells

Female: oestrogen and progesterone from theca and granulosa cells

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3
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin in the male?

A

Puberty

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4
Q

Describe spermatogenesis?

A
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5
Q

Describe what happens in the mitotic stage of spermatogensis?

A

Spermatogonium > mitotic division > 2 spermatogonia

One remains a spermatogonium (maintain germ cell line)

One becomes a primary spermatocyte (produce speramtozoa)

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6
Q

Describe what happens in the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Primary spermatocyte > first meiotic division > secondary spermatocyte > second meiotic division > spermatids

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7
Q

Descrinbe what happens in the packaging stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatids mature into spermatozoa (not fully mature yet)

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8
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis?

A
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9
Q

Describe the mitotic stage of oogenesis?

A

Oogonium > mitotic division prior to birth > primary oocytes

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10
Q

Describe the stages of oogenesis that have occurred prior to birth?

A

OOgonium > mitoitc division > primary oocytes

All primary oocytes present at birth

Arrested in first meiotic division

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11
Q

What happens to the primary oocytes?

A

At puberty, one reaches maturity > enlarged primary oocyte > first meiotic divison completed > secondary oocyte (ovulated) and polar body

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12
Q

Describe what happens to the secondary oocyte and polary body?

A

Secondary oocyte > fertilisation > second meioptic division > mature ovum and second polar body

First polar body > meoitic division > second polar bodies > degenerate

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13
Q

When do the first and second meitoic divisions occur in oogenesis?

A

First: prior to ovulation

Second: after fertilisation

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14
Q

Describe thre hormonal regulation of reproduction?

A

Hypothalamus: GnRH > Anterior pituitary: LH and FSH > Gonads: sex steroids, inhibin and activin

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15
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells: surround and support sperm

Spermatogoina > sperm

Leydig cells: produce testosterone

Capillaries

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16
Q

Describe the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis?

A

GnRH > LH > Leydig cells > testosterone > sex characteristics

GnRH > FSH > Sertoli cells > spermatocyte maturation

Inhibin feedback

17
Q

Describe the effects of testosterone before birth?

A

Masculinises reproductive tract and exteral genitalia

Promotes descent of testes into scrotum

18
Q

Describe the effects of testosterone in sex-specific tissues?

A

Promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system

Spermatogenesis

19
Q

Describe the secondary sexual effects of testosterone?

A

Hair growth

Deep voice

Muscle growth

Body configuration

20
Q

Describe the non-reproductive actions of testosterone?

A

protein anabolic effects

Bone grwoth

Closure of epiphyses

Sebaceous gland secretions

21
Q

Describe the composition of semen?

A

Sperm

Mucous from bulbourethral glands

Water

Buffers from prostate and bulbo-urethral glands

Fructose from seminal vesicles
Citric acid from prostate
Vitamin C from seminal vesicles
Carnitine from epididymis

Enzymes from seminal vesicles and prostate

Zinc

Prostaglandins from seminal vesicles

22
Q

What is the function of each of the following components of semen:

a) mucous?
b) buffers?
c) enzymes?
d) prostaglandins?

A

a) Mucous: lubricant
b) Buffers: neutralise acidic vaginal environment
c) Enzymes: clot semen in vagina, then liquefy clot
d) Prostaglandins: smooth muscle contraction

23
Q

Describe the negative feedback in the male reproductive system?

A

Testosterone inhibits hypothalamus (GnRH) and anterior pituitary (LH)

Inhibin inhibits anterior pituitary (FSH)

24
Q

What is andropause?

A

Lower levels of testosterone in old age

Affects about 50% men over 50

Reproductive (21 decks)

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