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Z MD1 Reproductive Block > testicular and ovarian function > Flashcards

testicular and ovarian function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major functions of the reproductive organs

A

gametogenesis

secretion of hormones

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2
Q

what is the stem cell of sperm called

A

spermatogonium

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3
Q

what are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis

A

mitotic proliferation
meiosis
packaging

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4
Q

what occurs during mitotic proliferation in spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonium mitotically divide –> spermatogonia
- one daughter cell remains at the outer edge of the seminiferous tubule to maintain the germ cell line
- other cell moves towards the lumen to produce sperm
spermatognoia divide to become primary spermatocytes

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5
Q

what occurs during the meiosis phase of spermatogenesis

A
  • primary spermatocytes complete first meiotic division to become secondary spermatocytes
  • secondary spermatocytes complete second meiotic division to become spermatids
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6
Q

what occurs during the packaging stage of spermatogenesis

A

spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa

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7
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin

A

at puberty

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8
Q

what are the 3 major differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  • mitotic proliferation of oogoonium occurs prior to birth to make primary oocytes
  • primary oocytes are arrested in the first meiotic division
  • one oocyte produces 4 ovum (sperm = 4)
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9
Q

when are the 1st and 2nd meiotic divisions completed in females

A

first - completed just prior to ovulation

second - completed after fertilization

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10
Q

what hormones does the ovary and the testes produce and which cells of each produce them

A
  • ovary - oestrogen and progesterone (theca and granulosa cells)
  • testis - testosterone and DHT (sertoli and leydig cells)
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11
Q

what are the 2 peptide hormones produced by the gonads

A

inhibin and activin

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12
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to DHT

A

5-alpha reductase

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13
Q

what are the accessory glands for the male repro system

A

prostate
seminal vesicle
bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

where abouts in the tests does spermatogenesis occur

A

in the sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

where does sperm maturation occur

A

in the epidydmis and vas deferens

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16
Q

leydig cells produce

A

testosterone

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17
Q

what are the effects of testosterone prior to birth in males

A
  • masculinizes repro tract and ext genitalia

- promotes descent of testes into scrotum

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18
Q

what are the sex-specific effects of testosterone in males

A
  • promotes growth and maturation of repro system

- spermatogenesis

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19
Q

what are the secondary sexual effects of testosterone in males

A
  • hair growth
  • voice deepening
  • muscle growth
  • body configuration
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20
Q

what are the nonreproductive effects of testosterone

A
  • protein anabolic effects
  • bone growth
  • closure of epiphyses (with oestrogen)
  • sebaceous gland secretions
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21
Q

functions of bulbourethral glands

A
  • produces lubricant
  • produces buffers
  • produces water
22
Q

functions of prostate gland

A
  • produces water
  • produces buffers
  • produces citric acid
  • produces enzymes
23
Q

functions of seminal vesicles

A
  • produces water
  • produces fructose and vitamin C
  • produces enzymes
  • produces prostaglandins
24
Q

what are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle and which hormones drive them

A
  • follicular/proliferative (oestrogen)

- luteal/secretory (progesterone and oestrogen)

25
Q

where are the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle in relation to the antrum

A

granulosa cells close to the antrum

theca cells close to the surface epithelium

26
Q

what occurs during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (in general)

A
  • follicle growth in the ovary

- uterine lining proliferates

27
Q

what occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (in general)

A
  • ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy
  • uterine lining secretory
28
Q

which phase of the menstrual cycle is always 14 days

A

luteal

29
Q

what hormonal events take place during the follicular phase and what does this cause

A
  • FSH stimulates follicular development to secondary and tertiary follicle
  • granulosa cells produce oestrogen (keeps FSH and LH low - negative feedback)
  • LH stimulates thecal cells to produce androgen which are converted to oestrogen by aromatase in granulosa cells
  • one dominant follicle develops
  • menstruation and then proliferation of uterus
30
Q

what hormonal events take place to cause ovulation

A
  • oestrogen levels get to a level that is so high that feedback switches to positive feedback –> causes primary oocyte to complete first meiotic division and ovulation
  • low oestrogen
  • high inhibin inhibits FSH and decreases new follicle development
  • low progesterone –> causes positive feedback on GnRH and LH
31
Q

what causes the change in the mucus from the cervix with ovulation

A

oestrogen

32
Q

what is the cervical mucus like during ovulation

A

becomes abundant, clear non viscous mucus

33
Q

what hormonal events take place in the early luteal phase and what do they cause

A
  • granulosa cells become the corpus luteum –> produces progesterone
  • high progesterone and oestrogen maintain the endometrium and cause decreased GnRH, LH and FSH
  • inhibin inhibits new follicular development
  • uterus becomes vascular and secretory
  • cervical mucus becomes thick, sticky and mucousy
34
Q

What happens during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

A
  • corpus lutuem dies –> drop in oestrogen and progesterone –> increased FSH and LH –> new follicular development
  • menstruation
35
Q

what causes menopause

A

ovaries cease responding to LH and FSH as no follicles left –> causes low levels of oestrogen and progesterone

36
Q

what “reaction” happens to the sperm to allow penetration of the ovum

A

acrosomal reaction

37
Q

what is the acrosomal reaction

A

digestive enzymes are released in order for the sperm to penetrate the ZP and dissolve the cell junctions

38
Q

what reaction happens to prevent polyspermy

A

cortical reaction

39
Q

how many days can sperm live for

A

2 days

40
Q

how many days can an ovum live for

A

1

41
Q

how long is the fertility window

A

3 days

42
Q

what has to happen to sperm in order for them to have the capacity for fertilisation

A

capacitation

43
Q

when does a blastocyst form

A

days 4-5

44
Q

what day of gestation does implantation occur

A

5-9

45
Q

what are the two cell masses of a blastocyts

A

inner cell mass

trophoectoderm

46
Q

what weeks of gestation are early pregnancy, embryonic period and fetal period

A

early pregnancy = weeks 1-2
embryonic period = weeks 3-8
foetal period = weeks 9 to term

47
Q

which pregnancy period is most susceptible to teratogens

A

embryonic period

48
Q

which pregnancy period is most susceptible to chromosome abnormalities

A

early pregnancy

49
Q

by which stage are all the organs of the foetus present

A

by the end of the embryonic period

50
Q

which embryonic period is most susceptible to physiological defects

A

foetal period

51
Q

what environmental factors can influence normal foetal growth

A
  • multiple pregnancy
  • maternal under nutrition
  • oxygenation
  • placental function
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • drugs
  • exercise
  • infectious agents
  • environmental chemicals

Z MD1 Reproductive Block (12 decks)

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