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Z MD1 Reproductive Block > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three ligaments attached to the ovaries

A

broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament

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2
Q

where are the ovarian ligaments and suspensory ligaments

A

ovarian - to uterus

suspensory - to pelvic wall

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3
Q

are the follicles in the medulla or cortex of the ovary

A

cortex

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4
Q

describe the cortical stroma of the ovary

A

highly cellular CT with scattered SM cells containing many primordial oocytes

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5
Q

why is the surface of the ovary irregular

A

represent the scars from previous ovulations

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6
Q

explain the the surface of the ovary

A
  • simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium that is continuous with mesothelium
  • beneath = tunica albuginea (dense CT)
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7
Q

where are the majority of ovarian tumours derived from

A

the epithelium of the ovary

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8
Q

how many oocytes are in the ovary at the end of development and by birth

A

end of development = 5 million/ovary

birth = 5 million/ovar

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9
Q

epithelium of primordial oocyte

A

squamous follicle cells surrounded by basal lamina (cells within basal lamina)

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10
Q

what is the difference between primordial oocyte and primary oocyte

A
  • zona pellucida on the inside of the epithelium
  • follicular cells become cuboidal and multilayered = stratum granulosum
  • theca interna and externa start to form
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11
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary follicles histologically

A
  • antrum appears
  • cumulus oophorus
  • corona radiata
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12
Q

what is the corona radiata

A

the granulosa cells directly around the antrum of a secondary follicle

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13
Q

how is the corpus luteum made

A

the stromal, granulosa and thecal cells of the ruptured follicle invade the cavity and differentiate into luteal cells that contain lipid and become vascularised

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14
Q

how long does the corpus luteum last become it becomes corpus albicans

A

14 days

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15
Q

what is contained within the cavity of the corpus luteum

A

lipid - basis for steroid hormones

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16
Q

explain the histological structure of the fallopian tube

A

serosa (mesothelium plus thin CT)
SM muscularis
mucosa (CT plus epithelium)

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17
Q

what are the two ways in which the oocyte is propelled down the uterine tube

A

cilia

smooth muscle contraction of the uterine tube

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18
Q

what happens to the wall of the uterine tube as you move down towards the uterus

A

the SM gets thicker and the epithelium lining the lumen becomes less extensive

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19
Q

where does fertilisation usually occur

A

in the ampulla

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

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21
Q

explain the muscle layers in the myometrium

A

inner and outer longitudinal

middle - circular and very vascular

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22
Q

what happens to the myometrium with pregnancy

A

individual SM cells enlarge and icnrease CT

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23
Q

what is the epithelia of the endometrium

A

mix of ciliated and secretory columnar cells in simple epithelium

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24
Q

what are the arteries called that supply the endometrium

A

helical arteries

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25
Q

how does the endometrium regenerate with each menstrual cycle

A

tips of the uterine glands are the reservoir for the cells that project down into the basal layer - regenerates the functional layer

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26
Q

how does the endometrium grow throughout the menstrual cycle

A

the epithelial, stromal (lamina propria) and vascular cells proliferate vigorously

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27
Q

what is the composition of the epithelium of the endocervix

A
  • simple columnar epithelium

- glandular

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28
Q

what is the epithelium of the ectocervix

A

stratified squamous epithelium

non glandular

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29
Q

what causes the junction between the two cervical epithelium to vary between women

A
  • varies between reproductive and non-reproductive femaels

- varies with stage of menstrual cycle

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30
Q

what is the epithelium of the vagina

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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31
Q

what consists of the mucosa in the vagina

A

stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria

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32
Q

explain the SM composition of the vagina

A
  • thin inner and thick outer layers of SM

- continuous with the muscle of the uterus

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33
Q

how is the vagina lubricated

A

by cervical glands or glands in the vestibule

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34
Q

what is special about the epithelium of the vagina

A

the most superficial cells retain nuclei

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35
Q

components of breast tissue

A

mammary glands
dense CT
adipose tissue

36
Q

what causes the difference in mammary glands between men and women

A

men - testosterone causes glands to regress

female - glands grow due to oestrogen and progesterone

37
Q

how many lobes in each breast

A

15-20

38
Q

what is a terminal duct lobular unit

A

interlobular Collecting ducts and terminal ductules or acini

39
Q

what is the histology of inactive mammary glands in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle

A
  • stroma less dense

- lumen of each gland invisible and surrounding by cuboidal epithelial cells

40
Q

what is the histology of inactive mammary glands in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

A
  • epithelial cells more columnar
  • lumens appear as some secretions
  • fluid accumulates in stroma CT
41
Q

what are the histological changes that occur in mammary glands with pregnancy

A
  • terminal ductules elongate and branch
  • epithelial and myoepithelial cells proliferate from progenitor cells
  • lipid and secretory product in the lumen
42
Q

what is the composition of colostrum

A

high protein, low lipid and carbohydrate that is high in IgA

43
Q

how does the IgA get into the colostrum

A

from the plasma cells that have invaded intralobular CT

44
Q

what structures are surrounded by the myoepithelial cells

A

TDLUs and lactiferous sinuses

45
Q

what happens to the mammary glands after menopause

A
  • secretory cells involute leaving only duct system

- CT looses elastic and collagen fibres and fibroblats

46
Q

the testes are surrounded

A

tunica albuginea

47
Q

how many compartments in the testes

A

250

48
Q

how are the seminiferous tubules connected to the epididymus

A

via tubuli recti, rete testis and efferent ductules

49
Q

how many seminiferous tubules in each compartment in the testes

A

1-4

50
Q

explain the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules

A

stratified epithelium consisting of Sertoli cells and developing spermatozoa

51
Q

describe the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules

A

contains myoid cells (no fibroblasts)

contains Leydig cells

52
Q

what helps the spermatozoa move along the seminiferous tubules

A

fluid flux and myoid contraction

53
Q

when are leydig cells active

A

for the first 5 months of foetal life and then inactive until puberty

54
Q

describe the epithelium of the rete testis

A

ciliated cuboidal cells

55
Q

describe the epithelium of the tubuli recti

A

Sertoli cells only and finally simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

what does the Wolffian duct become

A

the epididymus and vas deferens

57
Q

what is the wall of the epididymus

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle

58
Q

what is decapacitation and where does it occur

A

the inhibition of the ability of the sperm to fertilise an egg - occurs in the epididymus

59
Q

what are the functions of the epididymus

A
  • decapacitation

- absorbs most testicular fluid around sperm and clean up debris

60
Q

where does the vas deferens go

A

through prostate

61
Q

when does the vas deferens become the ejaculatory duct

A

as it penetrates the prostate

62
Q

explain the structure of the wall of the vas deferens

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium surrounded by thick smooth muscle coat (except in ejaculatory duct)

63
Q

function of seminal vesicles

A

secrete a fructose and prostaglandin rich secretion to support sperm

64
Q

how many glands in the prostate

A

30-50

65
Q

what are the 4 zones of the prostate

A

central zone - surrounds ejaculatory ducts
peripheral zone - surrounds central zone
transitional zone - surrounds prostatic urethra
periurethral zone - immediately adjacent to the urethra

66
Q

explain the histology of the prostate

A

heterogenous epithelium separated by CT containing abdundant SM

67
Q

what is a prostatic concretions

A

accumulation of protein, calcium phosphate, cholesterol and cellular debris in the lumen of the prostate that is more common with age

68
Q

what is within the fluid secreted by the prostate

A

acid phsophataase
fibrolysin
coagulating factors

69
Q

three erectile tissues of the penis

A
  • corpora cavernosa x2

- corpora spongiosum

70
Q

where is the urethra in reference to the tissues in the penis

A

lies within the corpora spongiosum

71
Q

what causes an erection

A

PNS stimulation relaxes the caveronsal SM and dilates arteries supplying blood by ACh and NO –> swelling compresses veins in the superficial penis restricting the outflow

72
Q

what is detumescence

A

back to flacid penis

73
Q

what causes detumescence

A

SNS restricts inflow and contracts cavernosal SM

74
Q

explain the structure of the clitoris

A
  • body has bilateral cavernous tissue surrounded by tunica albuginia
  • crus of clitoris extends inferiorly along the edges of the puboischial rami
75
Q

which structures of the reproductive system has pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

epididymus

vas deferens

76
Q

what is the epithelium of the uterus

A

columnar secretory epithelium

77
Q

explain the epithelium of the prostate

A

2 layers - basal layer and a secretory layer

78
Q

where is the squamo-colmar junction during reproductive years

A

at the external os

79
Q

what causes the movement of the transformation zone with age

A

with puberty - increased oestrogen results in eversion of the columnar endocervical epithelium near the os out onto the ectocervix. The epithelium then undergoes metaplasia to stratified squamous epithelium

80
Q

what substance do the squamous cells of the ectocervix gain as they move upwards towards the top of the epithelium

A

glycogen

81
Q

what are the main components of the cervical stroma

A

fibrous CT with elastin
SM
blood and lymphatic vessels
lymphocytes and APCs under the epithelium

82
Q

what are the histological features of HPV infection in the cervix

A

koliocytes

dysplastic cells

83
Q

what are the histological features of CIN1

A

mild nuclear atypia

disorganisation of cells in the lower third of the epithelium

84
Q

what are the histological features of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

A
  • invasion past the B<
  • pleomorphic nuclei
  • keratin
  • inflammatory cell infiltrate and focal necrosis
85
Q

how does death result from squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • extensive local invasion –> ureteric obstruction, pyelonephritis and renal failure
  • distant metastases
  • weight loss
  • pneumonia
86
Q

what are the 3 main groups of primary neoplastic lesions of the ovary

A

germ cell tumours
epithelial cell tumours
stromal cell tumours

Z MD1 Reproductive Block (12 decks)

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