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Z MD1 Reproductive Block > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three ligaments attached to the ovaries

A

broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament

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2
Q

where are the ovarian ligaments and suspensory ligaments

A

ovarian - to uterus

suspensory - to pelvic wall

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3
Q

are the follicles in the medulla or cortex of the ovary

A

cortex

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4
Q

describe the cortical stroma of the ovary

A

highly cellular CT with scattered SM cells containing many primordial oocytes

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5
Q

why is the surface of the ovary irregular

A

represent the scars from previous ovulations

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6
Q

explain the the surface of the ovary

A
  • simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium that is continuous with mesothelium
  • beneath = tunica albuginea (dense CT)
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7
Q

where are the majority of ovarian tumours derived from

A

the epithelium of the ovary

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8
Q

how many oocytes are in the ovary at the end of development and by birth

A

end of development = 5 million/ovary

birth = 5 million/ovar

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9
Q

epithelium of primordial oocyte

A

squamous follicle cells surrounded by basal lamina (cells within basal lamina)

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10
Q

what is the difference between primordial oocyte and primary oocyte

A
  • zona pellucida on the inside of the epithelium
  • follicular cells become cuboidal and multilayered = stratum granulosum
  • theca interna and externa start to form
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11
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary follicles histologically

A
  • antrum appears
  • cumulus oophorus
  • corona radiata
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12
Q

what is the corona radiata

A

the granulosa cells directly around the antrum of a secondary follicle

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13
Q

how is the corpus luteum made

A

the stromal, granulosa and thecal cells of the ruptured follicle invade the cavity and differentiate into luteal cells that contain lipid and become vascularised

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14
Q

how long does the corpus luteum last become it becomes corpus albicans

A

14 days

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15
Q

what is contained within the cavity of the corpus luteum

A

lipid - basis for steroid hormones

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16
Q

explain the histological structure of the fallopian tube

A

serosa (mesothelium plus thin CT)
SM muscularis
mucosa (CT plus epithelium)

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17
Q

what are the two ways in which the oocyte is propelled down the uterine tube

A

cilia

smooth muscle contraction of the uterine tube

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18
Q

what happens to the wall of the uterine tube as you move down towards the uterus

A

the SM gets thicker and the epithelium lining the lumen becomes less extensive

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19
Q

where does fertilisation usually occur

A

in the ampulla

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

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21
Q

explain the muscle layers in the myometrium

A

inner and outer longitudinal

middle - circular and very vascular

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22
Q

what happens to the myometrium with pregnancy

A

individual SM cells enlarge and icnrease CT

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23
Q

what is the epithelia of the endometrium

A

mix of ciliated and secretory columnar cells in simple epithelium

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24
Q

what are the arteries called that supply the endometrium

A

helical arteries

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25
how does the endometrium regenerate with each menstrual cycle
tips of the uterine glands are the reservoir for the cells that project down into the basal layer - regenerates the functional layer
26
how does the endometrium grow throughout the menstrual cycle
the epithelial, stromal (lamina propria) and vascular cells proliferate vigorously
27
what is the composition of the epithelium of the endocervix
- simple columnar epithelium | - glandular
28
what is the epithelium of the ectocervix
stratified squamous epithelium | non glandular
29
what causes the junction between the two cervical epithelium to vary between women
- varies between reproductive and non-reproductive femaels | - varies with stage of menstrual cycle
30
what is the epithelium of the vagina
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
31
what consists of the mucosa in the vagina
stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria
32
explain the SM composition of the vagina
- thin inner and thick outer layers of SM | - continuous with the muscle of the uterus
33
how is the vagina lubricated
by cervical glands or glands in the vestibule
34
what is special about the epithelium of the vagina
the most superficial cells retain nuclei
35
components of breast tissue
mammary glands dense CT adipose tissue
36
what causes the difference in mammary glands between men and women
men - testosterone causes glands to regress | female - glands grow due to oestrogen and progesterone
37
how many lobes in each breast
15-20
38
what is a terminal duct lobular unit
interlobular Collecting ducts and terminal ductules or acini
39
what is the histology of inactive mammary glands in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle
- stroma less dense | - lumen of each gland invisible and surrounding by cuboidal epithelial cells
40
what is the histology of inactive mammary glands in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
- epithelial cells more columnar - lumens appear as some secretions - fluid accumulates in stroma CT
41
what are the histological changes that occur in mammary glands with pregnancy
- terminal ductules elongate and branch - epithelial and myoepithelial cells proliferate from progenitor cells - lipid and secretory product in the lumen
42
what is the composition of colostrum
high protein, low lipid and carbohydrate that is high in IgA
43
how does the IgA get into the colostrum
from the plasma cells that have invaded intralobular CT
44
what structures are surrounded by the myoepithelial cells
TDLUs and lactiferous sinuses
45
what happens to the mammary glands after menopause
- secretory cells involute leaving only duct system | - CT looses elastic and collagen fibres and fibroblats
46
the testes are surrounded
tunica albuginea
47
how many compartments in the testes
250
48
how are the seminiferous tubules connected to the epididymus
via tubuli recti, rete testis and efferent ductules
49
how many seminiferous tubules in each compartment in the testes
1-4
50
explain the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules
stratified epithelium consisting of Sertoli cells and developing spermatozoa
51
describe the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules
contains myoid cells (no fibroblasts) | contains Leydig cells
52
what helps the spermatozoa move along the seminiferous tubules
fluid flux and myoid contraction
53
when are leydig cells active
for the first 5 months of foetal life and then inactive until puberty
54
describe the epithelium of the rete testis
ciliated cuboidal cells
55
describe the epithelium of the tubuli recti
Sertoli cells only and finally simple cuboidal epithelium
56
what does the Wolffian duct become
the epididymus and vas deferens
57
what is the wall of the epididymus
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle
58
what is decapacitation and where does it occur
the inhibition of the ability of the sperm to fertilise an egg - occurs in the epididymus
59
what are the functions of the epididymus
- decapacitation | - absorbs most testicular fluid around sperm and clean up debris
60
where does the vas deferens go
through prostate
61
when does the vas deferens become the ejaculatory duct
as it penetrates the prostate
62
explain the structure of the wall of the vas deferens
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium surrounded by thick smooth muscle coat (except in ejaculatory duct)
63
function of seminal vesicles
secrete a fructose and prostaglandin rich secretion to support sperm
64
how many glands in the prostate
30-50
65
what are the 4 zones of the prostate
central zone - surrounds ejaculatory ducts peripheral zone - surrounds central zone transitional zone - surrounds prostatic urethra periurethral zone - immediately adjacent to the urethra
66
explain the histology of the prostate
heterogenous epithelium separated by CT containing abdundant SM
67
what is a prostatic concretions
accumulation of protein, calcium phosphate, cholesterol and cellular debris in the lumen of the prostate that is more common with age
68
what is within the fluid secreted by the prostate
acid phsophataase fibrolysin coagulating factors
69
three erectile tissues of the penis
- corpora cavernosa x2 | - corpora spongiosum
70
where is the urethra in reference to the tissues in the penis
lies within the corpora spongiosum
71
what causes an erection
PNS stimulation relaxes the caveronsal SM and dilates arteries supplying blood by ACh and NO --> swelling compresses veins in the superficial penis restricting the outflow
72
what is detumescence
back to flacid penis
73
what causes detumescence
SNS restricts inflow and contracts cavernosal SM
74
explain the structure of the clitoris
- body has bilateral cavernous tissue surrounded by tunica albuginia - crus of clitoris extends inferiorly along the edges of the puboischial rami
75
which structures of the reproductive system has pseudostratified columnar epithelium
epididymus | vas deferens
76
what is the epithelium of the uterus
columnar secretory epithelium
77
explain the epithelium of the prostate
2 layers - basal layer and a secretory layer
78
where is the squamo-colmar junction during reproductive years
at the external os
79
what causes the movement of the transformation zone with age
with puberty - increased oestrogen results in eversion of the columnar endocervical epithelium near the os out onto the ectocervix. The epithelium then undergoes metaplasia to stratified squamous epithelium
80
what substance do the squamous cells of the ectocervix gain as they move upwards towards the top of the epithelium
glycogen
81
what are the main components of the cervical stroma
fibrous CT with elastin SM blood and lymphatic vessels lymphocytes and APCs under the epithelium
82
what are the histological features of HPV infection in the cervix
koliocytes | dysplastic cells
83
what are the histological features of CIN1
mild nuclear atypia | disorganisation of cells in the lower third of the epithelium
84
what are the histological features of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
- invasion past the B< - pleomorphic nuclei - keratin - inflammatory cell infiltrate and focal necrosis
85
how does death result from squamous cell carcinoma
- extensive local invasion --> ureteric obstruction, pyelonephritis and renal failure - distant metastases - weight loss - pneumonia
86
what are the 3 main groups of primary neoplastic lesions of the ovary
germ cell tumours epithelial cell tumours stromal cell tumours

Z MD1 Reproductive Block (12 decks)

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