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test3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Term

A

Definition

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

Problem-solving strategies which guarantee a correct answer when correctly applied. The process of long-division taught in elementary school is an example of an algorithm.

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3
Q

Availability heuristic/bias

A

A heuristic often used in which probability estimates and decisions are based on information that is the easiest to recall (i.e., most available) from memory. So this is why a person might overestimate the likelihood of an especially vivid event happening as it is easier to remember since it is vivid.

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4
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Holding on to one’s original ideas even after those ideas have been discreditted.

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5
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Motor speech area in the brain associated with the production and articulation of speech. Damage results in expressive aphasia..

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6
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to look for information that supports our ideas and preconceptions and to ignore evidence which contradicts our ideas.

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7
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is presented; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

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8
Q

Heuristic

A

Cognitive strategies or “rules of thumb” which are used as short-cuts to solve problems. These are sometimes useful, but these do not gaurantee a correct solution.

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9
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency to respond to a new problem in a manner used for a previous problem (often this previous problem was successfully solved).

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10
Q

morpheme

A

The units of meaning attached to different sounds in a speech community. For example, the use of “s” to indicate plurality is an example of a morpheme.

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11
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

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12
Q

phoneme

A

The different sounds in a speech community.

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13
Q

Prototype

A

The ideal or typical representative (“best example”) of a conceptual category.

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14
Q

Representativeness heuristic/bias

A

The cognitive error that if something is part of a particular group it will share all the features of that group.

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15
Q

telegraphic speech

A

Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out.

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16
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Speech area located in the temporal lobe (usually left lobe). Responsible for the understanding of written and spoken language. Lesions produce receptive aphasia.

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17
Q

Achievement Test

A

Test that assesses an examinee’s previous learning.

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18
Q

Aptitude Test

A

test assessesing the examinee’s potential for learning a specific skill or performing a specific task..

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19
Q

Content Validity

A

Extent to which a test samples the domain of information, knowledge, or skill it purports to measure. Determined primarily by expert judgment. Most important for achievement-type tests..

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20
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to adaptively percieve, understand, manage, and use emotions.

21
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to adaptively percieve, understand, manage, and use emotions.

22
Q

Intelligence

A

The mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively.

23
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

The numerical score on an intelligence test. It was originally the ratio between a person’s mental age and their chronological age, but it now thought of as the person’s native ability as compared to the ability of the population at large. Typically, “average IQ” assigned a score of 100 with scores above 100 being “above average” and scores below 100 being “below average”.

24
Q

Mental Retardation

A

Subnormal intelligence (IQ below 70) with associated impairments in adaptive functioning and onset prior to age 18..

25
Q

Normal Curve (Distribution)

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve defined by a specific mathematical formula. The mean, median, and mode are equal when a distribution of scores is normal. Most scores occur near the mean and increasing fewer and fewer cases occur at the extreme ends of the distribution.

26
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Degree to which a test accurately predict what it claims to predict.

27
Q

Reliability

A

Degree of accuracy, consistency, or repeatablity of a selection tool, preditor, or criterion..

28
Q

Standardization

A

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

29
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The negative effect on performance that arises when an individual becomes aware that members of his/her group are expected to do poorly in a particular area.

30
Q

Validity

A

Usefulness of a test; extent to which a predictor (or criterion) measures what it purports to measure..

31
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

Individual intelligence test that yields Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores (mean = 100; SD = 15) as well as scaled scores on each of the test’s verbal and performance scales (mean = 10, sd = 3). Appropriate for aged 16 and over. Interpretation involves consideration of IQ scores, Verbal-Performance discrepancies, and pattern analysis.

32
Q

Achievement motivation

A

A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.

33
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

A biologically based motivation to reduce discomfort, such as thirst, hunger, etc.

34
Q

estrogen

A

Female sex hormone. Both genders have estrogen but females have more of this hormone. It stimulates development of female sexual characteristics.

35
Q

Homeostasis

A

Self-maintenance of a system (e.g., a family) in a state of equilibrium or balance. Maintained by “negative feedback”..

36
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Theory that all human behavior is motivated by needs that are arranged in the following hierarchial order: Physiological, safety, social, ego, self-actualization.

37
Q

Motivation

A

The processes which initiate, direct, and maintain physical and psychological behavior.

38
Q

testosterone

A

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both genders have testosterone, but males have more of this hormone. It stimulates growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sexual characteristics during puberty.

39
Q

Adaptation-level phenomenon

A

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

40
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

The theory that an emotion-arousing experience simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

41
Q

Catharsis

A

Release of repressed (unconscious) material into consciousness. Often used synonymously with abreaction. Involves both an intellectual and an affective awareness of unconscious material.

42
Q

Emotion

A

A feeling or affect which occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that has some degree of importance. An affective response which has 4 parts: 1. physiological arousal, 2. subjective feelings, 3. cognitive interpretations, & 4. behavioral expression.

43
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Regulating one’s emotional response to a stressor

44
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

According to Seyle, human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions and involving three stages: 1. Alarm reaction (where the person mobilizes their resources), 2. Resistance (where the person adapts to and maintains there efforts to cope with the stressor), and 3. Exhaustion (when the person’s resources become depleted.

45
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Theory that emotions reflect experiences of visceral and muscular reactions to certain stimuli: i.e., “we feel afraid because we are running.”.

46
Q

problem-focused coping

A

A type of coping in which the person takes deliberate action to clarify &/or resolve a stressor.

47
Q

Two-factor theory

A

The idea that emotion arises from both cognitive apprasial of both physical arousal and the emotion provoking stimulus

48
Q

Type A personality

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competative, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

49
Q

Type B personality

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Psychology (4 decks)

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