Test 4 Review Sheet - Psych 2301 (Fall 2013)

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Term

Answer 1

Definition

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Defense Mechanisms

Answer 2

According to psychoanalytic theory, mental strategies that operate unconsiously and are used by the ego to reduce emotional conflict and anxiety resulting from the discrepant demands of the id, superego, and reality. For example, repression, regression, and sublimation..

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Denial

Answer 3

Defense mechanism in which someone refuses to believe or even to percieve aspects of reality that is painful.

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Displacement

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Defense mechanism in which hostile or otherwise unacceptable impulses are discharged by expressing them toward a neutral or non-threatening target rather than the original target..

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Ego

Answer 5

According to Freud, the aspect of the personality associated with rational thought. Relies primarily on the reality principle to mediate between the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

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External locus of control

Answer 6

This applies to those people who see their life under the influence of things outside them and outside their control. They believe they can do little to influence the outcomes in their life.

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Id

Answer 7

According to Freud, the aspect of the personality present at birth, that operates according to the pleasure principle, is the source of libido, and is characterized by a desire for immediate gratification.

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Internal locus of control

Answer 8

This applies to those people who see their life controlled by the choices they make versus the situations they find themselves in. They believe they have control over the outcomes in their life.

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Learned helplessness

Answer 9

Seligman’s theory of depression that regards depression as the result of a belief that one cannot control one’s life. This is quite similar to having an external locus of control in that the person “learns” they do not have control over aspects of their life.

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Oedipus Complex

Answer 10

According to Freud, a largely unconscious process in which young boys desire to have sexual relations with their opposite-sex parent while simultaneously being jealous of and fearing the disapproval of their same-sex parent.

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Personality

Answer 11

An individual’s typical pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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Positive Psychology

Answer 12

The scientific study of optimal human functioning. It aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

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Projection

Answer 13

Defense mechanism that involves attributing one’s own unacceptable id impulses to others.

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Projective Personality Test

Answer 14

Relatively unstructured personality test in which the stimulus and/or required response are ambiguous.

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Rationalization

Answer 15

Defense mechanism that involves justifying one’s unacceptable feelings and behaviors by describing them in seemly rational terms..

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Reciprocal Determinism

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The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

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Regression

Answer 17

Defense mechanism in which an individual made anxious by unacceptable thoughts and feelings behaves in ways characteristic of an earlier, safer stage of development.

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Repression

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Defense mechanism in which unacceptable id impulses are kept out of conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious. The most basic of the defense mechanisms.

Question 19

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Self-Actualization

Answer 19

In Maslow’s theory, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. This is the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

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Self-Serving Bias

Answer 20

In casual attributions, the tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors and one’s failures to external factors.

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Superego

Answer 21

In psychoanalysis, personality structure that represents society’s standards of right and wrong. Develops primarily through identification with one’s parents.

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Trait

Answer 22

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

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Unconscious

Answer 23

In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the person is not aware, but is a storehouse of repressed memories, drives, and conflicts. Many modern cognitive psychologist simply consider this information processing of which we are unaware.

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Attitude

Answer 24

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

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Attribution Theory

Answer 25

Heider’s theory of how people assign causality to the behaviors of others. In general, people make dispositional (internal) or situational (external) attributions..

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Bystander Effect

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Tendency of people to not intervene in emergency situations when others are present. Bystander apathy has been attributed to three factors: Social comparison, evaluation apprehension, and diffusion of responsibility..

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 27

Festinger’s theory of attitude change that proposes that inconsistent thoughts/attitudes/behaviors produce discomfort (dissonance) which, motivates the individual to reduce the dissonance by changing his/her cognitions..

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Conformity

Answer 28

Tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group.

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Discrimination

Answer 29

An unjustifiable negative behavior taken against a person because of his/her connection with or membership in a group

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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Answer 30

Attribution error in which an observer tends to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes when making attributions about an actor’s behavior..

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Groupthink

Answer 31

Mode of group thinking in which group members’ desires for unanimity override their ability to realistically appraise or determine alternative courses of action..

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Just-World Phenomenon

Answer 32

The tendency for people to think that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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Prejudice

Answer 33

An unjustifiable negative attitude or judgment about a person because of his/her connection with or membership in a group

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Scapegoat Theory

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The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

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Social Exchange Theory

Answer 35

Theory of social relationships that proposes that people evaluate relationships in terms of the costs and gains associated with them..

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Social Loafing

Answer 36

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

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Stereotype

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A generalized belief about a group of people which is often inaccurate and overgeneralized.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopathy)

Answer 38

Personality disorder characterized by superficial charm, lying, lack of regard for others, absense of shame or remorse, and an inability to form close relationships and learn from experience..

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Anxiety disorders

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A group of mental health problem which are characterized by excessive and disabling anxiety. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Disorder of childhood and adolesence characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and overactivity..

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Bipolar disorder

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A mood disorder involving extreme swings of mood (from mania to depression) with little or no correspondance to external stressors

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Dissociative disorders

Answer 42

Disorders characterized by a sudden loss of integration of consciousness, memory, and identity. Include Psychogenic Fugue, Psychogenic Amnesia, Dissociative Identity Disorder (aka, Multiple Personality Disorder), and Depersonalization Disorder. Individuals with these problems will feel “fragmented”.

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DSM-IV-TR

Answer 43

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, which is a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 44

Anxiety Disorder characterized by unrealistic worry or anxiety that is persistent and pervasive about 2 or more life circumstances without any external cause.

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Major Depression

Answer 45

Mood disturbance characterized by a persistent depressed or irritable mood, diminished interest and pleasure in usual activites, appetite and sleep disturbances, impaired cognitive functioning, and suicidal ideation and/or attempts..

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Mania/Manic Episode

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Mood disturbance characterized by a persistent and abnormal elevated, irritable, or expansive mood. Associated features include difficulties in concentrating, rapid speech, impulsivity, inflated self-esteem, hypersexuality, and flight of ideas. Symptoms are sufficient to interfere with social and/or occupational functioning..

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Obsessive-Complusive Disorder

Answer 47

Anxiety Disorder involving recurrent obsessions or complusions that are distressing to the individual and interfere with social functioning.

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Phobias

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A fear of a specific object or situation to the degree that it disrupts the person’s life.

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 49

Anxiety Disorder which follows an stressful event that is outside the range of normal human experience (e.g., assault, rape, military combat, earthquake); characterized by reexperiencing of the event, numbing of responsiveness, detachment, and disturbed sleep..

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Schizophrenia

Answer 50

Group of psychotic disorders involving disturbances in the form or content of thought (delusions, loosening of associations), flat or inappropriate affect, impaired interpersonal functioning, loss of motivation, and sense of self, and disturbances in psychomotor functioning.

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Behavior therapy

Answer 51

Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially classical and operant condidtioning

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Client-centered therapy

Answer 52

Roger’s approach to therapy, based on the assumption that individuals possess inherent capabilities for growth. The therapist helps a client achieve his/her own destiny by promoting a client’s free expression of feeling using three facilitative conditions: Accurate empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. Genuineness is considered to be the most important of these 3 conditions.

Question 53

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Cognitive therapy

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Type of cognitive-behavior therapy (Beck) that views dysfunctional behavior as the result of maladaptive thinking and emphasizes the empirical evaluation of treatment principles and techniques. Often used to treat depression..

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Counterconditioning

Answer 54

Elimination of an undesirable response by pairing the response with an incompatible and more desirable response..

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 55

A treatment method used principally for depression that has not responded well to medication &/or psychotherapy. It involves the application of an electric current to the person’s head which produces a seizure. It is sometimes called “shock treatment”.

Question 56

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Exposure Therapy

Answer 56

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or in reality) to the things they fear and avoid.

Question 57

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Insight therapy

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Types of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps the person/client gain greater understanding (insight) into their problem(s), their situation(s), or personal characteristics.

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Psychoanalysis

Answer 58

Freud’s theory of personality development and method of psychotherapy. Focuses on the role of unconscious conflict in personality development. Therapy involves bringing unconscious material into consciousness through the analysis of free associations, resistances, transferences, and dreams. Its goal is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious.

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Psychosurgery

Answer 59

The general term for surgical interventions in the brain to treat psychological disorders.

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Resistance

Answer 60

In psychoanalysis, the client’s reluctance to bring into conscious awareness repressed, threatening unconscious material.

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Systematic desensitization

Answer 61

Behavior Therapy procedure based on classical conditioning in which an anxiety producing stimulus (CS) is paired with relaxing-producing stimulus (US) so that, eventually, the anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxtion response (CR).

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Token economy

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Intervention environment (based on operant conditioning) in which positive reinforcement is used to increase desirable behaviors. Reinforcement is in the form of tokens that can be exchanged for back-up reinforcers (such as food or privileges).

Question 63

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Transference

Answer 63

In psychoanalysis, the client’s experience of feelings, attitudes, fantasies, etc. toward the analyst which represents a projection or displacement of reactions to significant others..