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Personality Psychology > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cells contains:

  • Dendrites: receive stimulation
  • Axon: Passes the message on
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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Lies underneath the the thalamus near the bottom center of the brain
- controls the pituitary gland and also regulates homeostasis (hunger, thirst, body temperature

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3
Q

Amygdala

A

Links perception and thoughts about the world with their emotional meaning

  • Effects negative emotion: fear and anger
  • Responsible for detecting fear and preparing for emergency events
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4
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes memories

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5
Q

Cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain

- Wraps around the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

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6
Q

Neocortex

A

This is the largest part of the cortex

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7
Q

Frontal Cortex

A

This is divided into two lobes

  • Aspect of cognition: ability to plan ahead and to anticipate consequences
  • Aspects of emotional experience: empathy and moral reasoning
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8
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Electrodes are placed on the scalp to pick up electrical signals generated by the brain activity

  • Strengths: High temporal precision
  • Weakness: Poor spatial localization
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9
Q

Megnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Detect magnetic indications of brain activity

  • Opposed to electrical
  • Strengths: High temporal precision
  • Weakness: Poor spatial localization
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10
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Create a map of brain activity by following the location of a harmless radioactive tracer injected into the blood stream

  • The harder the brain works the more blood it needs
  • Follows blood flow
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11
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Monitors magnetic pulses generated by oxygen in the blood to map where the brain is the most active at a given moment

  • BOLD: blood oxygen level dependent
  • BOLD compares how much the brain lights up from activity one to activity two
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12
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A

.

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13
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

.

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14
Q

Anterior Cingulate

A

.

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Communication between neurons

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16
Q

Synapse

A

gap between the neurons

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17
Q

Hormone

A

Biological chemicals that affect the entire body

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18
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

- epinephrine and norepinephrine work together here

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19
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

.

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20
Q

Endorphins

A

.

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21
Q

Serotonin

A

NAC

  • stability
  • neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness
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22
Q

Gonads

A

testies and overies

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23
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

.

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24
Q

Epinephrine

A

the fight in flight

- increases heart rate

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25
Q

Norepinephrine

A

the flight in fight

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26
Q

Oxytocin

A

the love hormone

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27
Q

Testosterone

A

high levels in males lead to agressiveness

- both male and females have this

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28
Q

Estrogen

A

.

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29
Q

Cortisol

A

relates to stress levels

- Regulates blood pressure

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30
Q

Personality Trait

A

.

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31
Q

Allele

A

.

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32
Q

Epgenetics

A

.

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33
Q

Mate Selection

A

.

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34
Q

Mating Strategies

A

.

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35
Q

Active Person-Environment Transaction

A

The person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones

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36
Q

Cohort Effect

A

Birth year confounds the results: certain things were not the same in this year than 50 years ago
- Example: not everyone went to school, may effect the results

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37
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Simply survey people at different ages simultaneously

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38
Q

Cumulative Continuity Principle

A

The idea that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as a person gets older

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39
Q

Heterotypic Continuity

A

Personality changes with age
- a shy child at a social even might hide behind a parent, a shy adult is unlikely to do that but still might avoid conversing with others

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40
Q

Evocative Person-Environment Transaction

A

Attributes of the individual draw out particular responses from others in their environment

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41
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Same people are repeatedly measured over the years from childhood through adulthood

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42
Q

Maturity Principle

A

The idea that traits associated with effective functioning increase with age

  • Tendency of socially adaptive traits to increase with age
  • People become better equipped to deal with the demands of life as they acquire experience and skills
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43
Q

Narrative Identity

A

The story one tells oneself about who one is

- author for your life

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44
Q

Person-Environment Transactions

A

Processes wherein people respond to, seek out, and/or create environments that are compatible with or magnify their personality traits
- Aggressive person is attracted to another aggressive person

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45
Q

Personality Development

A

.

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46
Q

Rank-Order Consistency

A

People tend to maintain the ways in which they are different from other people the same age
- A person who is more extraverted as a child will maintain that same level of extravert as an adolescent, an adult and so on.

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47
Q

Reactive Person-Environment Transaction

A

The process by which different people respond differently to certain situations

  • shy person at a party = sad
  • talkative person alone = sad
48
Q

Social Clock

A

Places strong pressures on all people to accomplish certain things by certain ages
- someone who stays on time receives social approval and enjoys the feeling of being in sync with society

49
Q

Temperament

A

Degree to which genes are inherited from parents

50
Q

Psychic Determinism

A

Everything that happens in a person’s mind, including everything a person thinks and does, has a specific cause that can be identified.

51
Q

ID

A

Irrational and emotional - devil

- in the oral stage only the ID exists

52
Q

Ego

A

Rational - you

  • Main job as a compromise formation
  • developed in the anal stage
53
Q

Superego

A

Moral - angel

- developed in phallic stage

54
Q

Compromise Formation

A

finding a compromise among different parts of the mind and different things a person wants
- the ego’s main job

55
Q

Libido

A

Sexual drive

  • also the drive to:
  • creation, protection, and enjoyment of life
  • creativity, productivity, and growth
56
Q

Thanatos

A

Drive towards death, destructive, and decay

- war and the fact that everyone dies

57
Q

Doctrine of Opposites

A

The idea that everything has an opposite

  • Happiness and Sadness
  • Life and Death
58
Q

Oral Stage

A

Birth to 18 months
- Focuses on: mouth , lips, tongue
- Psychological theme: dependency, passivity
- Only exists in the ID
if fixated: overly independent versus passive

59
Q

Anal Stage

A

18 months - 3 years
- Focuses on: anus and organs of elimination
- Psychological theme: self-control and obedience
- Development of the ego
If fixated: over-controlled vs. under-controlled

60
Q

Phallic Stage

A

3.5 to 7 years
- Focuses on: sexual organs
- Oedipal crisis: fall in love with the opposite-sex parent
- development of morality, conscience, and the superego
If fixated: rigid moral code vs, lack of moral code, asexual vs. promiscuous

61
Q

Identification

A

Taking on same-sex parent’s attitudes

- In the phallic stage

62
Q

Genital Stage

A

Puberty on

  • Focuses on: genitals -> new life, sexuality in the context of a mature relationship; focus on creation and enhncement
  • Psychological theme: maturity
63
Q

Mental Health

A

.

64
Q

Fixation

A

.

65
Q

Regression

A

.

66
Q

Secondary Process Thinking

A

.

67
Q

Primary Process Thinking

A

.

68
Q

Condensation

A

.

69
Q

Symbolization

A

.

70
Q

Conscious Mind

A

.

71
Q

Preconscious

A

.

72
Q

Unconscious (Mind)

A

.

73
Q

Parapraxis

A

“leakages” from the unconscious mind that manifests as mistakes, accident, omissions, or memory lapses
- Freudian slips

74
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

.

75
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to believe bad news

76
Q

Repression

A

Failure to acknowledge unwanted thoughts

77
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Create the opposite idea to what may cause anxiety

78
Q

Projection

A

A personal self-doubt/criticism is placed on another person

79
Q

Rationalization

A

Logical explanation the ignores real motivation

80
Q

Intellectualization

A

Become more unemotional

81
Q

Displacement

A

Instead of being mad at a dangerous person, be mad at someone else

82
Q

Sublimation

A

Safe outlets for problematic desires

83
Q

Transference

A

Applying old patterns of behavior and emotions to new relationship

84
Q

Neo-Freudian Psychology

A

General term for psychoanalytically oriented work of theorists influenced by Freud

85
Q

Ego Psychology

A

Emphasizes on perception, memory, learning, and conscious thought.

86
Q

Organ Inferiority

A

According to Adler, we can expect that a person who felt unintelligent in his childhood may strive on his way to adulthood to be smarter than everyone else.

87
Q

Masculine Protest

A

Males attempt to prove their dominance, power, and masculinity by, say, buying enormous pickup trucks, loudly revving the engines, racing up and down the highway, and terrifying passersby.

88
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Jung believed that all people share certain memories and ideas as a result of our shared history.

89
Q

Archetypes

A

The earth mother, the hero, the devil, and the supreme being

90
Q

Persona

A

Social/public mask

- false to some degree; we keep aspects of our real selves privATE

91
Q

Anima

A

The idea of the female in the mind of a male

92
Q

Animus

A

the idea of the male in the mind of a female

93
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

.

94
Q

Attachment Theory

A

.

95
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Study of the human mind

- acknowledge that every mind is unique and aware

96
Q

Phenomenology

A

The essential insight of humanistic psychology is that one’s conscious experience of the world is psychologically more important than the world itself. This concept of an individual’s immediate, conscious experience is called

97
Q

Construal

A

Your particular experience of the world

98
Q

Introspection

A

.

99
Q

Existentialism

A

The philosophy of existentialism is concerned with three main questions: What is the nature of being, how does it feel to exist, and what does existence mean

100
Q

Umwelt

A

Environment world, biological experience

- pleasure and pain

101
Q

Mitwelt

A

With world, what you think and feel as a social being

102
Q

Eigenwelt

A

Own world, inner psychological experience

103
Q

Thrown-ness

A

Heidegger used this term to refer to the time, place, and circumstances into which a person happens to be born

104
Q

Angst

A

Invoked to indicate existential anxiety
-The unpleasant feelings caused by contemplating difficult questions such as, “Why am I here?” or “What should I be doing?” are called angst

105
Q

Anatta

A

Refers to the idea that an independent, singular self is merely an illusion

106
Q

Anicca

A

Refers to the idea that nothing lasts forever.

107
Q

Nirvana

A

.

108
Q

Sociality Corollary

A

.

109
Q

Flow

A

Characterized by intense concentration, lack of distractibility, loss of a sense of passing time, and a narrowing of thoughts to the activity at hand

110
Q

Hedonia

A

One route to attain happiness is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

111
Q

Eudaimonia

A

Another route to attaining happiness is seeking a deeper meaning to life

112
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

Sends impulses and instructions from the central nervous system back to the muscles, glands and other organs
- Away from the brain

113
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

From the central nervous system to every part of the body: messages travel up these dendrites to the brain to report what the body is feeling or doing
- Toward the brain

114
Q

What are the research methods for studying the brain?

A
  1. Brain damage
  2. Brain stimulation
  3. Brain activity and imaging
115
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Produces symptoms of depression

  • Associated with dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
  • Relates to Parkinson’s
116
Q

Single Unit Recording

A

Microelectrodes placed in or near neuron or group of neurons

  • Strengths: High spatial and temporal precision
  • Weaknesses: Invasive, Not practical in humans (unless undergoing brain surgery), Difficult to implement in very many locations at once

Personality Psychology (4 decks)

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