Test Two Flashcards
Neuron
Nerve cells contains:
- Dendrites: receive stimulation
- Axon: Passes the message on
Hypothalamus
Lies underneath the the thalamus near the bottom center of the brain
- controls the pituitary gland and also regulates homeostasis (hunger, thirst, body temperature
Amygdala
Links perception and thoughts about the world with their emotional meaning
- Effects negative emotion: fear and anger
- Responsible for detecting fear and preparing for emergency events
Hippocampus
Processes memories
Cortex
Outermost layer of the brain
- Wraps around the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus
Neocortex
This is the largest part of the cortex
Frontal Cortex
This is divided into two lobes
- Aspect of cognition: ability to plan ahead and to anticipate consequences
- Aspects of emotional experience: empathy and moral reasoning
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrodes are placed on the scalp to pick up electrical signals generated by the brain activity
- Strengths: High temporal precision
- Weakness: Poor spatial localization
Megnetoencephalography (MEG)
Detect magnetic indications of brain activity
- Opposed to electrical
- Strengths: High temporal precision
- Weakness: Poor spatial localization
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Create a map of brain activity by following the location of a harmless radioactive tracer injected into the blood stream
- The harder the brain works the more blood it needs
- Follows blood flow
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Monitors magnetic pulses generated by oxygen in the blood to map where the brain is the most active at a given moment
- BOLD: blood oxygen level dependent
- BOLD compares how much the brain lights up from activity one to activity two
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
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Corpus Callosum
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Anterior Cingulate
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Neurotransmitter
Communication between neurons
Synapse
gap between the neurons
Hormone
Biological chemicals that affect the entire body
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
- epinephrine and norepinephrine work together here
Peripheral Nervous System
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Endorphins
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Serotonin
NAC
- stability
- neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Gonads
testies and overies
Adrenal Cortex
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Epinephrine
the fight in flight
- increases heart rate
Norepinephrine
the flight in fight
Oxytocin
the love hormone
Testosterone
high levels in males lead to agressiveness
- both male and females have this
Estrogen
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Cortisol
relates to stress levels
- Regulates blood pressure
Personality Trait
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Allele
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Epgenetics
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Mate Selection
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Mating Strategies
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Active Person-Environment Transaction
The person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones
Cohort Effect
Birth year confounds the results: certain things were not the same in this year than 50 years ago
- Example: not everyone went to school, may effect the results
Cross-Sectional Study
Simply survey people at different ages simultaneously
Cumulative Continuity Principle
The idea that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as a person gets older
Heterotypic Continuity
Personality changes with age
- a shy child at a social even might hide behind a parent, a shy adult is unlikely to do that but still might avoid conversing with others
Evocative Person-Environment Transaction
Attributes of the individual draw out particular responses from others in their environment
Longitudinal Study
Same people are repeatedly measured over the years from childhood through adulthood
Maturity Principle
The idea that traits associated with effective functioning increase with age
- Tendency of socially adaptive traits to increase with age
- People become better equipped to deal with the demands of life as they acquire experience and skills
Narrative Identity
The story one tells oneself about who one is
- author for your life
Person-Environment Transactions
Processes wherein people respond to, seek out, and/or create environments that are compatible with or magnify their personality traits
- Aggressive person is attracted to another aggressive person
Personality Development
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Rank-Order Consistency
People tend to maintain the ways in which they are different from other people the same age
- A person who is more extraverted as a child will maintain that same level of extravert as an adolescent, an adult and so on.
Reactive Person-Environment Transaction
The process by which different people respond differently to certain situations
- shy person at a party = sad
- talkative person alone = sad
Social Clock
Places strong pressures on all people to accomplish certain things by certain ages
- someone who stays on time receives social approval and enjoys the feeling of being in sync with society
Temperament
Degree to which genes are inherited from parents
Psychic Determinism
Everything that happens in a person’s mind, including everything a person thinks and does, has a specific cause that can be identified.
ID
Irrational and emotional - devil
- in the oral stage only the ID exists
Ego
Rational - you
- Main job as a compromise formation
- developed in the anal stage
Superego
Moral - angel
- developed in phallic stage
Compromise Formation
finding a compromise among different parts of the mind and different things a person wants
- the ego’s main job
Libido
Sexual drive
- also the drive to:
- creation, protection, and enjoyment of life
- creativity, productivity, and growth
Thanatos
Drive towards death, destructive, and decay
- war and the fact that everyone dies
Doctrine of Opposites
The idea that everything has an opposite
- Happiness and Sadness
- Life and Death
Oral Stage
Birth to 18 months
- Focuses on: mouth , lips, tongue
- Psychological theme: dependency, passivity
- Only exists in the ID
if fixated: overly independent versus passive
Anal Stage
18 months - 3 years
- Focuses on: anus and organs of elimination
- Psychological theme: self-control and obedience
- Development of the ego
If fixated: over-controlled vs. under-controlled
Phallic Stage
3.5 to 7 years
- Focuses on: sexual organs
- Oedipal crisis: fall in love with the opposite-sex parent
- development of morality, conscience, and the superego
If fixated: rigid moral code vs, lack of moral code, asexual vs. promiscuous
Identification
Taking on same-sex parent’s attitudes
- In the phallic stage
Genital Stage
Puberty on
- Focuses on: genitals -> new life, sexuality in the context of a mature relationship; focus on creation and enhncement
- Psychological theme: maturity
Mental Health
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Fixation
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Regression
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Secondary Process Thinking
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Primary Process Thinking
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Condensation
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Symbolization
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Conscious Mind
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Preconscious
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Unconscious (Mind)
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Parapraxis
“leakages” from the unconscious mind that manifests as mistakes, accident, omissions, or memory lapses
- Freudian slips
Defense Mechanism
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Denial
Refusal to believe bad news
Repression
Failure to acknowledge unwanted thoughts
Reaction Formation
Create the opposite idea to what may cause anxiety
Projection
A personal self-doubt/criticism is placed on another person
Rationalization
Logical explanation the ignores real motivation
Intellectualization
Become more unemotional
Displacement
Instead of being mad at a dangerous person, be mad at someone else
Sublimation
Safe outlets for problematic desires
Transference
Applying old patterns of behavior and emotions to new relationship
Neo-Freudian Psychology
General term for psychoanalytically oriented work of theorists influenced by Freud
Ego Psychology
Emphasizes on perception, memory, learning, and conscious thought.
Organ Inferiority
According to Adler, we can expect that a person who felt unintelligent in his childhood may strive on his way to adulthood to be smarter than everyone else.
Masculine Protest
Males attempt to prove their dominance, power, and masculinity by, say, buying enormous pickup trucks, loudly revving the engines, racing up and down the highway, and terrifying passersby.
Collective Unconscious
Jung believed that all people share certain memories and ideas as a result of our shared history.
Archetypes
The earth mother, the hero, the devil, and the supreme being
Persona
Social/public mask
- false to some degree; we keep aspects of our real selves privATE
Anima
The idea of the female in the mind of a male
Animus
the idea of the male in the mind of a female
Object Relations Theory
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Attachment Theory
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Humanistic Psychology
Study of the human mind
- acknowledge that every mind is unique and aware
Phenomenology
The essential insight of humanistic psychology is that one’s conscious experience of the world is psychologically more important than the world itself. This concept of an individual’s immediate, conscious experience is called
Construal
Your particular experience of the world
Introspection
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Existentialism
The philosophy of existentialism is concerned with three main questions: What is the nature of being, how does it feel to exist, and what does existence mean
Umwelt
Environment world, biological experience
- pleasure and pain
Mitwelt
With world, what you think and feel as a social being
Eigenwelt
Own world, inner psychological experience
Thrown-ness
Heidegger used this term to refer to the time, place, and circumstances into which a person happens to be born
Angst
Invoked to indicate existential anxiety
-The unpleasant feelings caused by contemplating difficult questions such as, “Why am I here?” or “What should I be doing?” are called angst
Anatta
Refers to the idea that an independent, singular self is merely an illusion
Anicca
Refers to the idea that nothing lasts forever.
Nirvana
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Sociality Corollary
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Flow
Characterized by intense concentration, lack of distractibility, loss of a sense of passing time, and a narrowing of thoughts to the activity at hand
Hedonia
One route to attain happiness is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
Eudaimonia
Another route to attaining happiness is seeking a deeper meaning to life
Efferent Nerves
Sends impulses and instructions from the central nervous system back to the muscles, glands and other organs
- Away from the brain
Afferent Nerves
From the central nervous system to every part of the body: messages travel up these dendrites to the brain to report what the body is feeling or doing
- Toward the brain
What are the research methods for studying the brain?
- Brain damage
- Brain stimulation
- Brain activity and imaging
Substantia Nigra
Produces symptoms of depression
- Associated with dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
- Relates to Parkinson’s
Single Unit Recording
Microelectrodes placed in or near neuron or group of neurons
- Strengths: High spatial and temporal precision
- Weaknesses: Invasive, Not practical in humans (unless undergoing brain surgery), Difficult to implement in very many locations at once
