Test 1 Flashcards
Psychological Triad
How people, think, feel and behave
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thoughts, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms behind those patterns
According to McAdams and Pals what are the 5 level models of human personality?
- Human Nature
- Traits
- Characteristic Adaptations
- Narrative Identity
- Culture
Biological Approach
Understanding the mind in terms of the body
- Genetic, evolutionary, neurobiology, neurochemistry
Psychoanalytic Approach
Unconscious mind and internal mental conflict
Idiographic
- Personal
- Unique snowflakes
- Implies that you can never perfectly measure all the reasons a person is who they are
Phenomenological Approach
Conscious awareness and experience
- Humanistic Psychology and Cross-cultural Psychology
Learning
how behavior changes as a result of rewards , punishments, and life experiences
- Social learning: learning through observations and self-evaluation
- Cognitive Personality Psychology: focuses on perception, memory, and thought
Nomothetic
- Law
- Uniqueness, but according to principles and within ranges defined by the laws of nature
- ex. some people are driven, genetically and evolutionarily, to find a mate. therefore they may have a goal to get married
Humanistic Psychology
how conscious awareness produces uniquely human attributes
- Existential Anxiety
- Creativity
- Free Will
Cross-Cultural Psychology
How the experience of reality varies across cultures
Basic Approach (to personality)
A theoretical view of personality that focuses on some phenomena (traits, biological, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, learning and cognitive.
Trait Approach
- Conceptualization and measurement of individual differences
Learning
How people change their behavior according to rewards, punishments, and other experiences in life
Learning and Cognitive Approaches
Behaviorism
Social learning theory
Cognitive Personality Psychology
Funder’s First Law
Applies to fields of research, theories, and individual people
- great strengths are usually great weaknesses, and surprisingly often the opposite is true as well
Research
The exploration of the unknown
- gathering of data
Funder’s Second Law
There are no perfect indicators of personality; there is only clues and clues are always ambiguous
Funder’s Third Law
Something beats nothing, two times out of three
S-data
Self-judgments/self reports/surveys
Questionnaire a degree to which they are dominant, friendly or conscious
- A person’s evaluation of his or her personality
Advantages of S data
- Large amount of information
- Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
- Causal force
- Simple and easy
Disadvantages of S data
- Maybe they can’t tell you
- Maybe they won’t tell you
- Too simple and too easy
Face validity
questionnaire used to gather s data
- they are intended to measure what they seem to measure, on their face
Self verification
People work hard to bring others to threat them in a manner than confirms their self-conception
- example: if you think you are friendly or ethical or intelligent others see you that way too
- I data
I-data
Informants reports
- Judgments by knowledgable informants: family, coworkers, teachers, etc.
Advantages of I data
- Large amount of information
- Real world basis
- Common sense
- Some I data are true by definition
- Casual force
- many behave differently in different situations
Disadvantages on I data
- Limited behavioral information
- Lack of access to private experience
- Error
- Bias
L-data
Life outcomes
Advantages of L data
- Objective and verifiable
- Intrinsic importance
- Psychological relevance
Disadvantages of L data
- Multidetermination
2. Possible lack of psychological relevance
B-data
Behavioral observations
Advantages of B data
- Wide range of context (both real and contrived)
2. Appearance of objectivity
Disadvantages of B data
- Difficult and expensive
2. Uncertain interpretations
B-data Lab experiment
Marshmallow test: you can eat it now but if you wait you get two
Advantages of B-data Lab
- Range of context in the lab
2. Appearance of objectivity
Disadvantages of B-data Lab
Uncertain interpretation
Expectancy Effect
People become what others expect them to be
- If people expect you to be sociable, aloof, or even intelligent you may tend to be just that
Behavioral Confirmation
Also know as expectancy effect
- People become what others expect them to be
- If people expect you to be sociable, aloof, or even intelligent you may tend to be just that
Big Five is _____, Neuroticism is ______.
reliability, validity
Generalizablity
Degree to which your results apply to the real world and all people around the whole at a time
Reliablity
Measurement reflects what you are trying to access, not effected by anything else.
Measurement Error
.
State
example trying to measure a person’s mood
- current and temporary
Trait
Level of emotional experience
Aggregation
averaging
- enhancing reliability of measurement in any domain
Spearman-Brown formula
.
Constructs
.
Experimental Method
.
Correlation Method
.
Objective Test
Detected at a glance
consists of yes/no or true/false
Factor Analysis
identifies groups of things that seem to have some things in common
Content Validity
.
Type I Error
involves deciding that one variable has an effect on/relationship with another variable when it doesn’t
Type II Error
involves deciding that one variable does not have an effect on/relationship with another variable when it does
Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD)
.
Interactionism
It is much more accurate to see persons and situations as constantly interacting to produce behavior together
