Test Three Flashcards
Personality processes
The mechanisms that unfold over time to produce the effect of personality traits
- Perception, thought, motivation and emotion
Priming
Activation of an idea or concept that has been repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it
Chronic Accessibility
The tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind doe a particular individual
Perceptual Defense
Failing to perceive stimuli that an individual might find disturbing or threatening
Short-term Memory (STM)
Stage of information processing in which the person is consciously aware of a small amount of info
Chunk
Any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit
- capacity of short term memory is 7 chunks +/- 2
Goal
The ends that one desires
- getting an A on the test
Strategy
The means the individual uses to achieve their goal
- reading the textbook, coming to class
Entity Theory
Belief that abilities (such as intelligence) are unchangeable/fixed
- Judgement goals
- Response to failure; helplessness
Incremental Theory
Beliefs that abilities can improve with time and experience
- Development goals
- Response to failure: Mastery
Procedural Knowledge
What a person knows but cannot talk about
- also called knowing how
Emotional Intellegence
Ability to perceive emotions accurately in oneself and others and to control and use one’s own emotions constructively
Cognitive Control
Using rational thinking to regulate one’s emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings
Cross-Cultural Psychology
The search for universals
- Etics: from the outside
Enculturation
A child picking up a culture unto which they were born into
Acculturation
A person who moves form one country to another and gradually picking up the culture of their new home
Etics
From the outside
- Universal
Emics
Within
- Particular aspects of the same idea
Deconstructionism
Says reality does not exist apart from humans perceptions or constructions of it
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Members of a group to which one does not belong seem more alike than do members of a group to which one does belong
Ontological Self
The I
- Does the observing and describing
- The little person in your head
- Hard to describe
- Stable: consistency
Epistemological Self
The Me
- Self report: i am friendly, shy, smart
- Changes over time
Declarative Knowledge
Information held in memory that is verbalizable
- Knowing that
Declarative Self
An individual’s opinions about his or her own personality traits
Self-Esteem
Overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or in between
- Low self-esteem is related to:
Hopelessness, depression, loneliness, and delinquency
Self-Schema
Refers to a long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person’s beliefs
Long-Term Memory (LTM))
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Self-Reference Effect
Tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which they are implicated in the information
Procedural Self
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Personality Disorder
Undesirable traits at the extreme
- Configurations of traits that are considered “socially undesirable”
Ego-syntonic
People who have them do not think anything is wrong, don’t want to change them, consider it a part of who they are
Ego-dystonic
e.g., anxiety/depression – people want to be “cured” not part of the self that people accept or like
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Discomfort with/incapacity for close relationships
- Odd behavior
- Ideas of reference: someone is talking about me, not true
- Odd beliefs or magical thinking (e.g., superstitiousness)
- Unusual perceptual experiences
- Odd thinking or speech
- Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
- Inappropriate or constricted affect laughing at nothing, crying when happy or no emotion
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood
- Has a sense of entitlement
- Lacks empathy
- Requires excessive admiration
- shows arrogant behaviors or attitudes
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
- unlawful behavior/arrest
- Lack remorse
- Impulsivity
- aggressiveness
- Reckless disregard safety for others
Borderline Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal rels, self-image, or emotion, marked by impulsivity
- frantic efforts to avoid real or imagines abandonment
- identity disturbance
- chronic feeling of emptiness
- inappropriate,intense anger, or difficulty controlling anger
- recurrent suicidal behavior
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
- Is unwilling to get involved w/ others unless certain of being liked
- Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
- Views self as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior
- Is unusually reluctant to engage in new activities or take personal risks because they may prove embarrassing
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, char’ed by
- preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules that the major point of the activity is lost
- shows perfectionism
- overly conscientious
- unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects
- shows rigidity and stubborness
Negative Affectivity
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Detachment
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Antagonism
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Disinhibition
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Psychoticism
Tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences and exhibit eccentric behavior
Ethnic-Racial Identity
The beliefs and attitudes that individuals have about their ethnic–racial group memberships, and the processes by which these beliefs and attitudes develop over time
Culture
The belief systems and value orientations
- dictates how we view race and ethnicity
Race
Category based on physical characteristics + associated generalizations
Ethnicity
Group customs and practices + belonging
Cultural Psychology
Universalism without the uniformity
- Emic: from within
CB5T
Culture impacts both traits and characteristic adaptations
- traits: expression, frequency
- Characteristic adaptation: definitionally situated within culture
HEXACO
Emic approach to traits
- Based on lexical studies from, a broad range of languages
- Adds honesty-humility factor
Approach -Oriented Goals
Goals involve reaching or maintaining desired outcome
- Get an A
- Fall in love
- Maintain one’s youthful apperance
Avoidance-Oriented Goals
Goals involved preventing or eliminating undesired outcomes
- Don’t get an F
- Stop being lonely
- Prevent wrinkles
Approach Temperament
A general neurobiological sensitivity to positive stimuli (reward) that is accompanied by a perceptual vigilance for, an affective reactivity to, and a behavioral disposition toward such stimuli
Avoidance Temperament
A general neurobiological sensitivity to negative stimuli (punishment) that is accompanied by a perceptual vigilance for, affective reactivity to, and behavioral disposition to avoid such stimuli
Ideographic goals
Goals that are unique to the individuals who purse them
Nomothetic goals
Essential motivations that almost everyone pursues to a greater or lesser extent
David McClalland’s Basic Motives
- Need for achievement (nAch)
- Need for affiliation (or intimacy) (nAff)
- Need for power (nPow)
Need for Achievement (nAch)
Tendency to direct one’s thoughts and behaviors towards striving for excellence
- People high in nAch set high standards for themselves and work hard to attain them
Need for affiliation (nAff)
Tendency to direct one’s thoughts and behavior towards finding and maintaining close, warm relationships
- People high in nAff seek the close company of others as an end, not a means to an end
Need for Power (nPow)
Tendency to direct thoughts and behaviors toward feeling strong and influencing others
- People high in nPow put effort in seeking prestige and status
Implicit Motives (for Ach, Aff, Pow)
- Develop early in life
- Nonverbal/affect based
- Unconscious (people dot know they have them)
- Respond to experiential cues
- Predict long-term trends in spontaneous behavior
- Assessed with TAT
Explicit Motives (for Ach, Aff, Pow)
- Develop later in life
- Verbally based
- Consciously held (people can report on them): self report
- Respond t social-extrinsic cues
- Predict short-term, explicitly decided behavior- Assessed with self-report
Motive Congruence
When your implicit and explicit motives align
associated with:
- Greater levels of well-being
- Better work performance, especially for leaders high in both implicit and explicit nPow
- Less psychopathology
- Less physical illness
- Lower levels of “ego depletion”/exhaustion
Judgment Goal
Seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself
- goal of convincing yourself that you are smart, beautiful, or popular (or to appear that way to others)
Development Goal
Desire to actually improve oneself
- goal of actually becoming smarter
Core Affect
Different states of feeling good or bad, energized or enervated
- every emotion or mood there is a good or bad feeling and feeling energized or enervated
Emotional experience: Appraisal
Stimulus judged as emotional relevant
Emotional Experience: Physical Response
Changes in heart rate, bodily tension, blood pressure, skin conductance
Emotional Experience: facial expressions and other nonverbal behaviors
Smiling, running, jumping, screaming
Emotional Experience: doing something about it
Calling your best friend, fighting that person
the I vs. Me
- “Me” is the object that can be observed and described
- The “I” is a more mysterious entity that does the observing and describing
Self-Discrepancy theory
2 kinds of desired selves: ideal and ought self
- Ideal: who you want to be (hilarious/beautiful), reward based
- Ought: who you think you should be (100% honest/humble), punishment based
The Rational Self
Inclusion of other in self scale
Derealization
Separation form reality
Caused by: stress, dehydration, drugs
Depersonalization
Separation from self
- on auto-pilot
caused by:
- abused from childhood
Suppression
Conscious attempt to prevent a thought from entering awareness or prevent oneself from expressing a though or attitude
- on purpose
Repression
An earlier defense system, thought are blocked before they reach consciousness
- not on purpose
Dunning-Kruger Effect
Meta-ignorance: being ignorant of one’s own ignorance
- you know know what you don’t know - there is no way you know what you know
Private body consciousness
Being aware of what is happening
high PBC - more awareness of implicit motivate arousal - increased implicit/explicit motive congruence
How does one increase self-knowledge
- Introspection - looking inward
- make inferences based on your behavior
- Infer how others see you
- Ask others how they see you
- Psychotherapy
Give an example of self-esteem
- I don’t like myself because i’m ugly
- When I look in the mirror, I don’t like what I see
- Not living up to who the person i want to be
Correlation with low self-esteem
- Dissatisfaction with life
- Occupational failure
- Unhealthy social relationships
- Giving up in the face of failure
- Suicide attempt
Personality Pathology
People are different from each other - every individual acts, thinks, and feels in distinctive ways
Cluster A
Odd or Eccentric
- Schizoid, Schizotypal, Paranoid
Cluster B
Dramatic or Erratic
- Borderline, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Histrionic
Cluster C
Inhibited or Anxious
- Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive
T/F Mental Disorders are Polythetic Dichotomies
True:
- Polythetic: many combinations of symptoms lead to the same categorical label
- Dichotomies: the patient either has the diagnosis or does not
Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): name the five trait domains
- Negative affect vs. Emotional Stability
- Detachment vs. Extraversion
- Antagonism vs. Agreeableness
- Disinhibition vs. Conscientiousness
- Psychoticism vs. Lucidity
The Goldwater Rule
States that it is unethical for psychiatrists to give a professional opinion about public figures whom they have not examined in person, and from whom they have not obtained consent to discuss their mental health
Individualists
Western cultures
Collectivistic
Eastern cultures
Crystalized intelliegnce
Increases over the lifespan
Fluid Intelligence
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Who created the first intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
Convergent response
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Divergent Resposne
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