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Personality Psychology > Test Three > Flashcards

Test Three Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality processes

A

The mechanisms that unfold over time to produce the effect of personality traits
- Perception, thought, motivation and emotion

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2
Q

Priming

A

Activation of an idea or concept that has been repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it

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3
Q

Chronic Accessibility

A

The tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind doe a particular individual

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4
Q

Perceptual Defense

A

Failing to perceive stimuli that an individual might find disturbing or threatening

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5
Q

Short-term Memory (STM)

A

Stage of information processing in which the person is consciously aware of a small amount of info

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6
Q

Chunk

A

Any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit

- capacity of short term memory is 7 chunks +/- 2

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7
Q

Goal

A

The ends that one desires

- getting an A on the test

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8
Q

Strategy

A

The means the individual uses to achieve their goal

- reading the textbook, coming to class

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9
Q

Entity Theory

A

Belief that abilities (such as intelligence) are unchangeable/fixed

  • Judgement goals
  • Response to failure; helplessness
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10
Q

Incremental Theory

A

Beliefs that abilities can improve with time and experience

  • Development goals
  • Response to failure: Mastery
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11
Q

Procedural Knowledge

A

What a person knows but cannot talk about

- also called knowing how

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12
Q

Emotional Intellegence

A

Ability to perceive emotions accurately in oneself and others and to control and use one’s own emotions constructively

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13
Q

Cognitive Control

A

Using rational thinking to regulate one’s emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings

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14
Q

Cross-Cultural Psychology

A

The search for universals

- Etics: from the outside

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15
Q

Enculturation

A

A child picking up a culture unto which they were born into

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16
Q

Acculturation

A

A person who moves form one country to another and gradually picking up the culture of their new home

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17
Q

Etics

A

From the outside

- Universal

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18
Q

Emics

A

Within

- Particular aspects of the same idea

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19
Q

Deconstructionism

A

Says reality does not exist apart from humans perceptions or constructions of it

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20
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias

A

Members of a group to which one does not belong seem more alike than do members of a group to which one does belong

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21
Q

Ontological Self

A

The I

  • Does the observing and describing
  • The little person in your head
  • Hard to describe
  • Stable: consistency
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22
Q

Epistemological Self

A

The Me

  • Self report: i am friendly, shy, smart
  • Changes over time
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23
Q

Declarative Knowledge

A

Information held in memory that is verbalizable

- Knowing that

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24
Q

Declarative Self

A

An individual’s opinions about his or her own personality traits

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25
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or in between
- Low self-esteem is related to:
Hopelessness, depression, loneliness, and delinquency

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26
Q

Self-Schema

A

Refers to a long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person’s beliefs

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27
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM))

A

.

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28
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

Tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which they are implicated in the information

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29
Q

Procedural Self

A

.

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30
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Undesirable traits at the extreme

- Configurations of traits that are considered “socially undesirable”

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31
Q

Ego-syntonic

A

People who have them do not think anything is wrong, don’t want to change them, consider it a part of who they are

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32
Q

Ego-dystonic

A

e.g., anxiety/depression – people want to be “cured” not part of the self that people accept or like

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33
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Discomfort with/incapacity for close relationships

  • Odd behavior
  • Ideas of reference: someone is talking about me, not true
  • Odd beliefs or magical thinking (e.g., superstitiousness)
  • Unusual perceptual experiences
  • Odd thinking or speech
  • Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
  • Inappropriate or constricted affect laughing at nothing, crying when happy or no emotion
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34
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood

  • Has a sense of entitlement
  • Lacks empathy
  • Requires excessive admiration
  • shows arrogant behaviors or attitudes
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35
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

  • unlawful behavior/arrest
  • Lack remorse
  • Impulsivity
  • aggressiveness
  • Reckless disregard safety for others
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36
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal rels, self-image, or emotion, marked by impulsivity

  • frantic efforts to avoid real or imagines abandonment
  • identity disturbance
  • chronic feeling of emptiness
  • inappropriate,intense anger, or difficulty controlling anger
  • recurrent suicidal behavior
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37
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

  • Is unwilling to get involved w/ others unless certain of being liked
  • Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
  • Views self as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior
  • Is unusually reluctant to engage in new activities or take personal risks because they may prove embarrassing
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38
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, char’ed by

  • preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules that the major point of the activity is lost
  • shows perfectionism
  • overly conscientious
  • unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects
  • shows rigidity and stubborness
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39
Q

Negative Affectivity

A

.

40
Q

Detachment

A

.

41
Q

Antagonism

A

.

42
Q

Disinhibition

A

.

43
Q

Psychoticism

A

Tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences and exhibit eccentric behavior

44
Q

Ethnic-Racial Identity

A

The beliefs and attitudes that individuals have about their ethnic–racial group memberships, and the processes by which these beliefs and attitudes develop over time

45
Q

Culture

A

The belief systems and value orientations

- dictates how we view race and ethnicity

46
Q

Race

A

Category based on physical characteristics + associated generalizations

47
Q

Ethnicity

A

Group customs and practices + belonging

48
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

Universalism without the uniformity

- Emic: from within

49
Q

CB5T

A

Culture impacts both traits and characteristic adaptations

  • traits: expression, frequency
  • Characteristic adaptation: definitionally situated within culture
50
Q

HEXACO

A

Emic approach to traits

  • Based on lexical studies from, a broad range of languages
  • Adds honesty-humility factor
51
Q

Approach -Oriented Goals

A

Goals involve reaching or maintaining desired outcome

  • Get an A
  • Fall in love
  • Maintain one’s youthful apperance
52
Q

Avoidance-Oriented Goals

A

Goals involved preventing or eliminating undesired outcomes

  • Don’t get an F
  • Stop being lonely
  • Prevent wrinkles
53
Q

Approach Temperament

A

A general neurobiological sensitivity to positive stimuli (reward) that is accompanied by a perceptual vigilance for, an affective reactivity to, and a behavioral disposition toward such stimuli

54
Q

Avoidance Temperament

A

A general neurobiological sensitivity to negative stimuli (punishment) that is accompanied by a perceptual vigilance for, affective reactivity to, and behavioral disposition to avoid such stimuli

55
Q

Ideographic goals

A

Goals that are unique to the individuals who purse them

56
Q

Nomothetic goals

A

Essential motivations that almost everyone pursues to a greater or lesser extent

57
Q

David McClalland’s Basic Motives

A
  1. Need for achievement (nAch)
  2. Need for affiliation (or intimacy) (nAff)
  3. Need for power (nPow)
58
Q

Need for Achievement (nAch)

A

Tendency to direct one’s thoughts and behaviors towards striving for excellence
- People high in nAch set high standards for themselves and work hard to attain them

59
Q

Need for affiliation (nAff)

A

Tendency to direct one’s thoughts and behavior towards finding and maintaining close, warm relationships
- People high in nAff seek the close company of others as an end, not a means to an end

60
Q

Need for Power (nPow)

A

Tendency to direct thoughts and behaviors toward feeling strong and influencing others
- People high in nPow put effort in seeking prestige and status

61
Q

Implicit Motives (for Ach, Aff, Pow)

A
  • Develop early in life
  • Nonverbal/affect based
  • Unconscious (people dot know they have them)
  • Respond to experiential cues
  • Predict long-term trends in spontaneous behavior
  • Assessed with TAT
62
Q

Explicit Motives (for Ach, Aff, Pow)

A
  • Develop later in life
  • Verbally based
  • Consciously held (people can report on them): self report
  • Respond t social-extrinsic cues
  • Predict short-term, explicitly decided behavior- Assessed with self-report
63
Q

Motive Congruence

A

When your implicit and explicit motives align
associated with:
- Greater levels of well-being
- Better work performance, especially for leaders high in both implicit and explicit nPow
- Less psychopathology
- Less physical illness
- Lower levels of “ego depletion”/exhaustion

64
Q

Judgment Goal

A

Seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself

- goal of convincing yourself that you are smart, beautiful, or popular (or to appear that way to others)

65
Q

Development Goal

A

Desire to actually improve oneself

- goal of actually becoming smarter

66
Q

Core Affect

A

Different states of feeling good or bad, energized or enervated
- every emotion or mood there is a good or bad feeling and feeling energized or enervated

67
Q

Emotional experience: Appraisal

A

Stimulus judged as emotional relevant

68
Q

Emotional Experience: Physical Response

A

Changes in heart rate, bodily tension, blood pressure, skin conductance

69
Q

Emotional Experience: facial expressions and other nonverbal behaviors

A

Smiling, running, jumping, screaming

70
Q

Emotional Experience: doing something about it

A

Calling your best friend, fighting that person

71
Q

the I vs. Me

A
  • “Me” is the object that can be observed and described

- The “I” is a more mysterious entity that does the observing and describing

72
Q

Self-Discrepancy theory

A

2 kinds of desired selves: ideal and ought self

  • Ideal: who you want to be (hilarious/beautiful), reward based
  • Ought: who you think you should be (100% honest/humble), punishment based
73
Q

The Rational Self

A

Inclusion of other in self scale

74
Q

Derealization

A

Separation form reality

Caused by: stress, dehydration, drugs

75
Q

Depersonalization

A

Separation from self
- on auto-pilot
caused by:
- abused from childhood

76
Q

Suppression

A

Conscious attempt to prevent a thought from entering awareness or prevent oneself from expressing a though or attitude
- on purpose

77
Q

Repression

A

An earlier defense system, thought are blocked before they reach consciousness
- not on purpose

78
Q

Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

Meta-ignorance: being ignorant of one’s own ignorance

- you know know what you don’t know - there is no way you know what you know

79
Q

Private body consciousness

A

Being aware of what is happening

high PBC - more awareness of implicit motivate arousal - increased implicit/explicit motive congruence

80
Q

How does one increase self-knowledge

A
  1. Introspection - looking inward
  2. make inferences based on your behavior
  3. Infer how others see you
  4. Ask others how they see you
  5. Psychotherapy
81
Q

Give an example of self-esteem

A
  • I don’t like myself because i’m ugly
  • When I look in the mirror, I don’t like what I see
  • Not living up to who the person i want to be
82
Q

Correlation with low self-esteem

A
  1. Dissatisfaction with life
  2. Occupational failure
  3. Unhealthy social relationships
  4. Giving up in the face of failure
  5. Suicide attempt
83
Q

Personality Pathology

A

People are different from each other - every individual acts, thinks, and feels in distinctive ways

84
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd or Eccentric

- Schizoid, Schizotypal, Paranoid

85
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic or Erratic

- Borderline, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Histrionic

86
Q

Cluster C

A

Inhibited or Anxious

- Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

87
Q

T/F Mental Disorders are Polythetic Dichotomies

A

True:

  • Polythetic: many combinations of symptoms lead to the same categorical label
  • Dichotomies: the patient either has the diagnosis or does not
88
Q

Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): name the five trait domains

A
  1. Negative affect vs. Emotional Stability
  2. Detachment vs. Extraversion
  3. Antagonism vs. Agreeableness
  4. Disinhibition vs. Conscientiousness
  5. Psychoticism vs. Lucidity
89
Q

The Goldwater Rule

A

States that it is unethical for psychiatrists to give a professional opinion about public figures whom they have not examined in person, and from whom they have not obtained consent to discuss their mental health

90
Q

Individualists

A

Western cultures

91
Q

Collectivistic

A

Eastern cultures

92
Q

Crystalized intelliegnce

A

Increases over the lifespan

93
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

.

94
Q

Who created the first intelligence test?

A

Alfred Binet

95
Q

Convergent response

A

.

96
Q

Divergent Resposne

A

.

Personality Psychology (4 decks)

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