Test Two Flashcards
Explain transduction
Stimulus(energy) > sense organ (receptor cells) > neural impulses > brain (perception is assigned meaning to sensory input/ we interpret it)
We receives sensory stimulation often using specialize receptor cells we been transformed the stimulation into Nero impulses and then deliver the neural information to our brain then we interpret it
What is top down processing?
Constructs perceptions from our experiences and expectations
What can play a role in messing with perception?
Expectations
Absolute threshold
Smallest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect half of the time
(Faintest sound)
Difference thresholds
Just noticeable difference/ smallest chance in intensity of a atom that someone can detect half of the time
(Raising volume)
NM=
Nanometers
What is a stimulus For vision
Wavelengths of electromagnetic energy
How wide is the visible spectrum
350nm-750nm
Wavelength smaller than 350nm are
X-rays
Wave links larger than 750 nm are
TV waves
What nm is the color blue
450
What nm is the color red
700
How does the eye work
Light rays reflected from a candle past of the cornea, pupil, the the lens
How do Light waves enter the eye
When they are reflected off the object you’re looking at
What does the lens do
Lens bends light waves so their projected at the right location of the retina
What happens when the lens bends the light waves
The lines undergoes accommodation or changes shape
If the lenses around what type of object are you looking at
And up close object
If the lenses flat what kind of object are you looking
Faraway objects
The retina contains receptors cells for vision called
Photo receptors
What are cones specialty
Bright light, please add color information, sharp clear images, located on fovea
What are rod specialty
Dim light, respond to small amounts of light energy, provide shades of white gray black and no color, Blurry images, it’s located on the retina outside of the fovea and the activated during the day as well as night
What is the fovea
Special region where cones are clustered
What is your Peripheral vision
Rods-which work in the day, the light waves that reflected off objects you’re are not looking
Cones and rods activated by light waves entering the eye perform
Transduction
How does dark adaptation work
Cones become inactive and rods gradually activate
What are the three types of cones
Red- 700nm
Blue-450nm
Green-500nm
What does a red apple due (in terms of vision)
Reflects off wavelengths of electromagnetic energy corresponding with its color (700nm)
Another term for color blind
Dichromatic color blind
What are the 4 principals of perceptional organization for vision
&
Who came up with it
Figure-groundrelationship
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Figure-ground relationship
When We perceive object in the world, we always select a figure and treat everything else as background.
Figure is the object your looking at
Proximity
Likely to group them because they’re close together
⚪️⚪️ ⚪️⚪️ ⚪️⚪️
Similarity
Categorize by shape, color, size
🔸🔸. 🔹🔹. 🔶🔶🔶. 🔷🔷🔷
Closure
Filling in the gap (ice cream cone in notes)
Depth perception-
Ability to perceive depth or how far an object is away from us
Monocular cue
Requires one functioning eye
Binocular
Requires two functioning eyes
Monocular characteristic (Relative size)
If two objects have the roughly the same absolute size, the bigger one is closer
Monocular characteristic
Interposition (overlap)
If object A is blocking object b, object a is closer
Binocular characteristic (Convergence)
With two eyes, your pupils move together when looking at something up close
Binocular characteristic (Retinal disparity)
Tells us that anobjects close to us if the image on the left and right retinas are different from each other
Stimulus for hearing
Soundwaves
Define sound waves
Produced when objects vibrate, sending air molecules in motion
Frequency
Number of vibrations per second
Low-frequency
Few vibrations per second
If the frequency is low what is the perception
The perception is low pitch
High frequency
Many vibrations per second
If the frequency is high what is the perception
Perception is high pitch
Define hi amplitude
High sound waves (large) loud sound
Low amplitude
Low sound waves (small) quiet
Amplitude is
How loud the sound is
How do you measure amplitude
Decibels
What is the frequency
The pitch of a sound wave
How does a sound wave enter the ear
Sound waves pass through the auditory canal (outer ear)
They pass through the ear drum, it begins to vibrate
Then they pass through the middle ear the three tiny bones (ossicles)
Then pass through the oval window (separates middle ear from inner ear)
Then goes to the cochlea
What is getting passed. Through the ear
Vibrations or sound waves
Define Chochlea
Fluid filled chambers (tube w fluid) each chamber has basilar membrane
Basilar membrane has ________ ________ attach to it
Hair cells
Hair cells ⭐️
Critical! (Receptor cites for hearing)
What happens in the cochlea
Fluid vibrates, creating waves or ripple as it ripples. The basilar membrane shifts back and forth in fluid, hair cells begin to bend which triggers transduction-neural impulses are sent to the brain. The neural impulses leave the choclea in a pack to the relay station for sensory input (or the the thalamus) then to temporal lobe where perceive auditory to perception (words, cell phone)
Consciousness
Being aware of ones self and surrounding
Degrees of consciousness
Highly alert ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Drifting into sleep
Dual processing
Conscious processing and unconscious processing
Conscious processing requires
Attention + cognitive resources (active thinking and paying attention)
Unconscious processing
Automatic and not aware (ex: driving the same Route everyday, texting)
Cognitive overload
Too much to do
Sleep follows a:
24 hour cycle called circadian rhythm
Average circadian rhythm
Awake 17 hrs- (6am-11pm) sleeping 7 hrs- (11pm-6am)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that respond to light sensitive retinal proteins which causes the pineal gland to increase or decrease product on of melatonin
What does the pineal gland do
Creates a special hormone that alters function for sleep (melatonin)
Define sleep stages
Different patterns of electrical activity across the brain
Define eeg
It’s used to measure different patterns of the brain
Eeg would be used when
Having sleep problems
Awake=
Beta waves
Pre sleep =
Alpha waves
Nrem1
theta waves
Nrem2
Sleep spindles (burst of electro activity)
Nrem3
Delta waves
How long does a sleep cycle last
90 minutes
Sleep cycle in order
Awake - pre sleep - nrem1 - nrem2 - nrem3 - nrem2 -rem(dreaming) - nrem2 - nrem3(90mins)- nrem2 - rem - nrem2(90mins) - rem - nrem2(90mins) -rem - nrem2(90 mins)
Lucid dreaming
Attempting to influence content of dreams with conscious thoughts
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep
What can cause insomnia
Excessive worrying
Deep sleep related disorder
Night terrors- mainly in ages 3,4,5 also in 6-10
Sleep walking/ talking
Symptoms of night terrors
Screaming, trembling
Benefits of sleep
- Immune system replenishes
2. Growth hormone secretes by pituitary gland
Why do dreams have bizarre components
Stems from cerebral cortex (memories) and limbic system(emotion)
What are your dreams usually
Concerns of the day
What is the same in rem sleep when you’re awake
the same Neural pathways to that are activated during day, are same as rem sleep
psycho active drugs
Substances that impact activity in the nervous system
concerns of psycho active drugs
Addiction, physical dependency, tolerance, substance related disorder
Addiction
use of drugs to satisfy cravings, wants or desires
Physical dependency
use of drug to avoid withdrawal effects such as sweating, headaches, and vomiting
Tolerance
NEeding more of drug to obtain same desired effects
Why do people use drugs
provide relief of stress, sadness, pain
Substance related disorder
use of drug affects the persons ability to function (hold a job be a student, responsibilities
Stimulants
increase activity in nervous system, more alert, aroused, energized, attentive
Mild (legal) stulants
Caffeine and nicotine
powerful (illegal)
amphetamines, cocaine, meth amphetamines
what do powerful stimulants do to dopamine
increase dopamine activity
hallucinogens
cause hallucinations
what do hallucinogens do to serotonin
Activates receptor cites for serotonin
what are hallucinations
perceptions without sensory input
Synthetic hallucinogens
LSD
Natural
“Magic mushrooms” (psilocybin)
Do Hallucinogens have strong concerns
nooooooooo
What are designer drugs
Stimulants and hallucinogens combined
What kind of drug is a designer drug
MDMA (ecstasy)
What can happen with extensive use of ecstasy
You will damage neurons
What do depressants do to your body
Slow down activity in nervous system
Alcohol does
chemicals bind to receptor sites for GABA desired effects- less tens, relaxed, less inhibited
what does alcohol do to thinking
it slows down thinking, causes you not to think about consequences
what effects do higher amounts come with alcohol
slower reaction times, impaired motor coordination
which concern apply to alcohol
All
Tolerance example for alcohol
1 beer, 3 beers, 6 beers, 12 beers, 24 beers in a 23 year span to obtain the same effect
Examples of opiates
opium, heroin, morphine
where does opium come from
poppy plant
what are opiates served as
pain killers
how to opiates work in the nervous system
they bind to receptor sites for our brains natural pain killer: endorphins
how does heroin effect somebody
provides a strong euphoria or most pleasurable feeling.
also comes with bad addiction and horrible withHdrawal effects
How could you quit heroin
using a step down drug to lessen withdrawal effects,
ex; use methadone as step down drug.
legal levels of marijuana
federal level: illegal
some states: legal
others:legal with medical use
THC
- found in leaves of cannabis plant
- desired effects: relax, mild euphoria, amplified perceptions, (possible hallucinations??)
- addiction
- minor withdrawal
- no tolerance
Define learning
acquiring(changing) behaviors based on experience
Classical conditioning
learning to produce an automatic response in presence of previously neutral stimulus
(ex dog salivating to the bell)
pavlov
used dogs to study
neutral stimulus
anything that doesn’t lead to an automatic response
what did pavlov do ?
presented bell before food then put food in a dish then dog would salivate, the bell becomes conditioned stimulus and salavating to the the bell becomes a conditioned response
what is an unconditioned response
not learned, automatic
the dog salivating to food is a __________ _________
unconditioned response
how many conditioned trials are needed
10
conditioned =
learned
stimulus generalization -
dog will salivate not only to trained bell but also to other bells
what happens if you present the conditioned stimulus with out the unconditioned stimulus.
(ringing the bell without the food being there)
the conditioned stimulus will go extinct
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
If the dog doesn’t eat until the next day when you ring the bell the next morning, the dog will salivate one more time to the bell. He will continue to salivate to the bell until you provide the bell and not the food one last time. The conditioned stimulus will be extinct permanently
classical conditioning in humans
unconditioned reaction (fear response)
ex; 4 year old getting vac shots from pediatrician
the shot is an unconditioned stimulus
fear is unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
alcohol wipe, seeing the needle, calling name, SEEING OFFICE BUILDING
office= shot= fear=
office= neutral stim shot= unconditioned stimulus fear= unconditioned response
second visit
office= fear=
office= conditioned stim fear= uncoditioned response
operant conditioning
study of voluntary response produced on purpose to obtain pleasant consequences
law of effect 1.
any behavior followed by a pleasant consequence will be a strenght
who invented law of effects
thorndike
law of effect 2.
any behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence will be weakened
pleasant consequence =
reinforment
unpleasant consequence =
weakened
skinners rats in skinner box key components were
bar, food can
what behavior did he want out of the skinner box
pushing the bar down to get reinforcement, the reinforcement = food in the cup.
shaping behavior
reinforcement for successive approximation to desired behavior (getting closer and closer)
steps to teaching the rat
- walk near lever, get reinforcement (food drops)
- next touch lever to get reinforcement
- press lever down
discriminate stimulus
perform behavior now and get reinforcement
positive reinforcement
present something pleasant
primary reinforcement
satisfy biological need such as food, water, sleep, oxygen
secondary reinforcement
reinforcing qualities learned through experience such as compliments, praise, money, grades
negative reinforcement
unpleasant is removed (pebble being removed from shoe)
unpleasant consequence
punishment
postive punishment
presents something unpleasant, (painful or aversive)
ex;josh getting a smack from coloring on the wall
physical and/or emotional pain
negative punishment
removing something pleasant
ex; removing tv time, or giving a time out
not punishment if it
has no effect. it has to weaken behavior
escape learning
behavior removes something unpleasant, while the unpleasantness is happening
dillon walking away from his wifes argument and her shutting up
avoid learning
avoiding unpleasantness before it happens
What is deep sleep
Body isn’t most restful state (lowest blood pressure, slowest heart beat and breathing rate
Sleep paralysis
Voluntary movements are blocked during rem sleep, paralyzed and can’t act out dreams
