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Exploring Psychology > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain transduction

A

Stimulus(energy) > sense organ (receptor cells) > neural impulses > brain (perception is assigned meaning to sensory input/ we interpret it)

We receives sensory stimulation often using specialize receptor cells we been transformed the stimulation into Nero impulses and then deliver the neural information to our brain then we interpret it

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2
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Constructs perceptions from our experiences and expectations

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3
Q

What can play a role in messing with perception?

A

Expectations

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Smallest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect half of the time

(Faintest sound)

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5
Q

Difference thresholds

A

Just noticeable difference/ smallest chance in intensity of a atom that someone can detect half of the time

(Raising volume)

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6
Q

NM=

A

Nanometers

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7
Q

What is a stimulus For vision

A

Wavelengths of electromagnetic energy

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8
Q

How wide is the visible spectrum

A

350nm-750nm

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9
Q

Wavelength smaller than 350nm are

A

X-rays

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10
Q

Wave links larger than 750 nm are

A

TV waves

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11
Q

What nm is the color blue

A

450

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12
Q

What nm is the color red

A

700

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13
Q

How does the eye work

A

Light rays reflected from a candle past of the cornea, pupil, the the lens

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14
Q

How do Light waves enter the eye

A

When they are reflected off the object you’re looking at

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15
Q

What does the lens do

A

Lens bends light waves so their projected at the right location of the retina

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16
Q

What happens when the lens bends the light waves

A

The lines undergoes accommodation or changes shape

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17
Q

If the lenses around what type of object are you looking at

A

And up close object

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18
Q

If the lenses flat what kind of object are you looking

A

Faraway objects

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19
Q

The retina contains receptors cells for vision called

A

Photo receptors

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20
Q

What are cones specialty

A

Bright light, please add color information, sharp clear images, located on fovea

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21
Q

What are rod specialty

A

Dim light, respond to small amounts of light energy, provide shades of white gray black and no color, Blurry images, it’s located on the retina outside of the fovea and the activated during the day as well as night

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22
Q

What is the fovea

A

Special region where cones are clustered

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23
Q

What is your Peripheral vision

A

Rods-which work in the day, the light waves that reflected off objects you’re are not looking

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24
Q

Cones and rods activated by light waves entering the eye perform

A

Transduction

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25
Q

How does dark adaptation work

A

Cones become inactive and rods gradually activate

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26
Q

What are the three types of cones

A

Red- 700nm
Blue-450nm
Green-500nm

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27
Q

What does a red apple due (in terms of vision)

A

Reflects off wavelengths of electromagnetic energy corresponding with its color (700nm)

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28
Q

Another term for color blind

A

Dichromatic color blind

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29
Q

What are the 4 principals of perceptional organization for vision

&

Who came up with it

A

Figure-groundrelationship
Proximity
Similarity
Closure

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30
Q

Figure-ground relationship

A

When We perceive object in the world, we always select a figure and treat everything else as background.
Figure is the object your looking at

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31
Q

Proximity

A

Likely to group them because they’re close together

⚪️⚪️ ⚪️⚪️ ⚪️⚪️

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32
Q

Similarity

A

Categorize by shape, color, size

🔸🔸. 🔹🔹. 🔶🔶🔶. 🔷🔷🔷

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33
Q

Closure

A

Filling in the gap (ice cream cone in notes)

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34
Q

Depth perception-

A

Ability to perceive depth or how far an object is away from us

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35
Q

Monocular cue

A

Requires one functioning eye

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36
Q

Binocular

A

Requires two functioning eyes

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37
Q 
Monocular characteristic 
(Relative size)
A

If two objects have the roughly the same absolute size, the bigger one is closer

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38
Q

Monocular characteristic

Interposition (overlap)

A

If object A is blocking object b, object a is closer

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39
Q 
Binocular  characteristic
(Convergence)
A

With two eyes, your pupils move together when looking at something up close

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40
Q 
Binocular characteristic 
(Retinal disparity)
A

Tells us that anobjects close to us if the image on the left and right retinas are different from each other

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41
Q

Stimulus for hearing

A

Soundwaves

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42
Q

Define sound waves

A

Produced when objects vibrate, sending air molecules in motion

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43
Q

Frequency

A

Number of vibrations per second

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44
Q

Low-frequency

A

Few vibrations per second

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45
Q

If the frequency is low what is the perception

A

The perception is low pitch

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46
Q

High frequency

A

Many vibrations per second

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47
Q

If the frequency is high what is the perception

A

Perception is high pitch

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48
Q

Define hi amplitude

A

High sound waves (large) loud sound

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49
Q

Low amplitude

A

Low sound waves (small) quiet

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50
Q

Amplitude is

A

How loud the sound is

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51
Q

How do you measure amplitude

A

Decibels

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52
Q

What is the frequency

A

The pitch of a sound wave

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53
Q

How does a sound wave enter the ear

A

Sound waves pass through the auditory canal (outer ear)

They pass through the ear drum, it begins to vibrate

Then they pass through the middle ear the three tiny bones (ossicles)

Then pass through the oval window (separates middle ear from inner ear)

Then goes to the cochlea

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54
Q

What is getting passed. Through the ear

A

Vibrations or sound waves

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55
Q

Define Chochlea

A

Fluid filled chambers (tube w fluid) each chamber has basilar membrane

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56
Q

Basilar membrane has ________ ________ attach to it

A

Hair cells

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57
Q

Hair cells ⭐️

A

Critical! (Receptor cites for hearing)

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58
Q

What happens in the cochlea

A

Fluid vibrates, creating waves or ripple as it ripples. The basilar membrane shifts back and forth in fluid, hair cells begin to bend which triggers transduction-neural impulses are sent to the brain. The neural impulses leave the choclea in a pack to the relay station for sensory input (or the the thalamus) then to temporal lobe where perceive auditory to perception (words, cell phone)

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59
Q

Consciousness

A

Being aware of ones self and surrounding

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60
Q

Degrees of consciousness

A

Highly alert ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Drifting into sleep

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61
Q

Dual processing

A

Conscious processing and unconscious processing

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62
Q

Conscious processing requires

A

Attention + cognitive resources (active thinking and paying attention)

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63
Q

Unconscious processing

A

Automatic and not aware (ex: driving the same Route everyday, texting)

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64
Q

Cognitive overload

A

Too much to do

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65
Q

Sleep follows a:

A

24 hour cycle called circadian rhythm

66
Q

Average circadian rhythm

A

Awake 17 hrs- (6am-11pm) sleeping 7 hrs- (11pm-6am)

67
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that respond to light sensitive retinal proteins which causes the pineal gland to increase or decrease product on of melatonin

68
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

Creates a special hormone that alters function for sleep (melatonin)

69
Q

Define sleep stages

A

Different patterns of electrical activity across the brain

70
Q

Define eeg

A

It’s used to measure different patterns of the brain

71
Q

Eeg would be used when

A

Having sleep problems

72
Q

Awake=

A

Beta waves

73
Q

Pre sleep =

A

Alpha waves

74
Q

Nrem1

A

theta waves

75
Q

Nrem2

A

Sleep spindles (burst of electro activity)

76
Q

Nrem3

A

Delta waves

77
Q

How long does a sleep cycle last

A

90 minutes

78
Q

Sleep cycle in order

A

Awake - pre sleep - nrem1 - nrem2 - nrem3 - nrem2 -rem(dreaming) - nrem2 - nrem3(90mins)- nrem2 - rem - nrem2(90mins) - rem - nrem2(90mins) -rem - nrem2(90 mins)

79
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

Attempting to influence content of dreams with conscious thoughts

80
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep

81
Q

What can cause insomnia

A

Excessive worrying

82
Q

Deep sleep related disorder

A

Night terrors- mainly in ages 3,4,5 also in 6-10

Sleep walking/ talking

83
Q

Symptoms of night terrors

A

Screaming, trembling

84
Q

Benefits of sleep

A
  1. Immune system replenishes

2. Growth hormone secretes by pituitary gland

85
Q

Why do dreams have bizarre components

A

Stems from cerebral cortex (memories) and limbic system(emotion)

86
Q

What are your dreams usually

A

Concerns of the day

87
Q

What is the same in rem sleep when you’re awake

A

the same Neural pathways to that are activated during day, are same as rem sleep

88
Q

psycho active drugs

A

Substances that impact activity in the nervous system

89
Q

concerns of psycho active drugs

A

Addiction, physical dependency, tolerance, substance related disorder

90
Q

Addiction

A

use of drugs to satisfy cravings, wants or desires

91
Q

Physical dependency

A

use of drug to avoid withdrawal effects such as sweating, headaches, and vomiting

92
Q

Tolerance

A

NEeding more of drug to obtain same desired effects

93
Q

Why do people use drugs

A

provide relief of stress, sadness, pain

94
Q

Substance related disorder

A

use of drug affects the persons ability to function (hold a job be a student, responsibilities

95
Q

Stimulants

A

increase activity in nervous system, more alert, aroused, energized, attentive

96
Q

Mild (legal) stulants

A

Caffeine and nicotine

97
Q

powerful (illegal)

A

amphetamines, cocaine, meth amphetamines

98
Q

what do powerful stimulants do to dopamine

A

increase dopamine activity

99
Q

hallucinogens

A

cause hallucinations

100
Q

what do hallucinogens do to serotonin

A

Activates receptor cites for serotonin

101
Q

what are hallucinations

A

perceptions without sensory input

102
Q

Synthetic hallucinogens

A

LSD

103
Q

Natural

A

“Magic mushrooms” (psilocybin)

104
Q

Do Hallucinogens have strong concerns

A

nooooooooo

105
Q

What are designer drugs

A

Stimulants and hallucinogens combined

106
Q

What kind of drug is a designer drug

A

MDMA (ecstasy)

107
Q

What can happen with extensive use of ecstasy

A

You will damage neurons

108
Q

What do depressants do to your body

A

Slow down activity in nervous system

109
Q

Alcohol does

A

chemicals bind to receptor sites for GABA desired effects- less tens, relaxed, less inhibited

110
Q

what does alcohol do to thinking

A

it slows down thinking, causes you not to think about consequences

111
Q

what effects do higher amounts come with alcohol

A

slower reaction times, impaired motor coordination

112
Q

which concern apply to alcohol

A

All

113
Q

Tolerance example for alcohol

A

1 beer, 3 beers, 6 beers, 12 beers, 24 beers in a 23 year span to obtain the same effect

114
Q

Examples of opiates

A

opium, heroin, morphine

115
Q

where does opium come from

A

poppy plant

116
Q

what are opiates served as

A

pain killers

117
Q

how to opiates work in the nervous system

A

they bind to receptor sites for our brains natural pain killer: endorphins

118
Q

how does heroin effect somebody

A

provides a strong euphoria or most pleasurable feeling.

also comes with bad addiction and horrible withHdrawal effects

119
Q

How could you quit heroin

A

using a step down drug to lessen withdrawal effects,

ex; use methadone as step down drug.

120
Q

legal levels of marijuana

A

federal level: illegal
some states: legal
others:legal with medical use

121
Q

THC

A
  • found in leaves of cannabis plant
  • desired effects: relax, mild euphoria, amplified perceptions, (possible hallucinations??)
  • addiction
  • minor withdrawal
  • no tolerance
122
Q

Define learning

A

acquiring(changing) behaviors based on experience

123
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning to produce an automatic response in presence of previously neutral stimulus

(ex dog salivating to the bell)

124
Q

pavlov

A

used dogs to study

125
Q

neutral stimulus

A

anything that doesn’t lead to an automatic response

126
Q

what did pavlov do ?

A

presented bell before food then put food in a dish then dog would salivate, the bell becomes conditioned stimulus and salavating to the the bell becomes a conditioned response

127
Q

what is an unconditioned response

A

not learned, automatic

128
Q

the dog salivating to food is a __________ _________

A

unconditioned response

129
Q

how many conditioned trials are needed

A

10

130
Q

conditioned =

A

learned

131
Q

stimulus generalization -

A

dog will salivate not only to trained bell but also to other bells

132
Q

what happens if you present the conditioned stimulus with out the unconditioned stimulus.

(ringing the bell without the food being there)

A

the conditioned stimulus will go extinct

133
Q

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

A

If the dog doesn’t eat until the next day when you ring the bell the next morning, the dog will salivate one more time to the bell. He will continue to salivate to the bell until you provide the bell and not the food one last time. The conditioned stimulus will be extinct permanently

134
Q

classical conditioning in humans

A

unconditioned reaction (fear response)

ex; 4 year old getting vac shots from pediatrician

the shot is an unconditioned stimulus

fear is unconditioned stimulus

135
Q

neutral stimulus

A

alcohol wipe, seeing the needle, calling name, SEEING OFFICE BUILDING

136
Q

office= shot= fear=

A 
office= neutral stim 
shot= unconditioned stimulus
fear= unconditioned response
137
Q

second visit

office= fear=

A 
office= conditioned stim
fear= uncoditioned response
138
Q

operant conditioning

A

study of voluntary response produced on purpose to obtain pleasant consequences

139
Q

law of effect 1.

A

any behavior followed by a pleasant consequence will be a strenght

140
Q

who invented law of effects

A

thorndike

141
Q

law of effect 2.

A

any behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence will be weakened

142
Q

pleasant consequence =

A

reinforment

143
Q

unpleasant consequence =

A

weakened

144
Q

skinners rats in skinner box key components were

A

bar, food can

145
Q

what behavior did he want out of the skinner box

A

pushing the bar down to get reinforcement, the reinforcement = food in the cup.

146
Q

shaping behavior

A

reinforcement for successive approximation to desired behavior (getting closer and closer)

147
Q

steps to teaching the rat

A
  1. walk near lever, get reinforcement (food drops)
  2. next touch lever to get reinforcement
  3. press lever down
148
Q

discriminate stimulus

A

perform behavior now and get reinforcement

149
Q

positive reinforcement

A

present something pleasant

150
Q

primary reinforcement

A

satisfy biological need such as food, water, sleep, oxygen

151
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

reinforcing qualities learned through experience such as compliments, praise, money, grades

152
Q

negative reinforcement

A

unpleasant is removed (pebble being removed from shoe)

153
Q

unpleasant consequence

A

punishment

154
Q

postive punishment

A

presents something unpleasant, (painful or aversive)
ex;josh getting a smack from coloring on the wall

physical and/or emotional pain

155
Q

negative punishment

A

removing something pleasant

ex; removing tv time, or giving a time out

156
Q

not punishment if it

A

has no effect. it has to weaken behavior

157
Q

escape learning

A

behavior removes something unpleasant, while the unpleasantness is happening

dillon walking away from his wifes argument and her shutting up

158
Q

avoid learning

A

avoiding unpleasantness before it happens

159
Q

What is deep sleep

A

Body isn’t most restful state (lowest blood pressure, slowest heart beat and breathing rate

160
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Voluntary movements are blocked during rem sleep, paralyzed and can’t act out dreams

Exploring Psychology (4 decks)

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