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Exploring Psychology > Final Test > Flashcards

Final Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Common social situations

A

Classroom, work, being with family or friends

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2
Q

(Social) norms;

A

Expected behaviors In a social situation

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3
Q

Conformity;

A

Behaving like other people in social situations (usually following the norm)

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4
Q

Why do people conform

A

To avoid sanctions

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5
Q

Define sanctions

A

Unpleasant consequences

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6
Q

Give an example of social facilitation

A

People show their best performance on a practiced task, when with other people
(Like competitions)

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7
Q

Give an example of social loafing

A

People tend not to Give best effort in a group based activity
(Group project for class)

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8
Q

Define obedience;

A

Following commands of an authority figure

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9
Q

Define milgrams famous studies (1960s-1970s)

A

The extent to which people obey an authoritative figure

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10
Q

What happened in milgrams studies

A

Participants we were told administer electric shocks to learn or whenever Lerner made a mistake

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11
Q

What was the learners job during the studies

A

Memorize a list of words and if a mistake was made the participant was required to shock of the learner

Socks increase starting at 15 Volts and going up to 450

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12
Q

The voltage increased in intervals of ____ volts everytime the learner made a mistake

A

15 volts

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13
Q

__% of participants went up to 450 volts

A

65

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14
Q

When the instructions were over the phone the participants who went all the way to 450 volts went down to __%

A

23

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15
Q

It then continued to go down to __% if they saw others obey

A

10%

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16
Q

Define attribution;

A

Trying to determine the causes of people’s behaviors

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17
Q

Internal (dispositional)

A

It’s your personality

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18
Q

External(situational)

A

The situation you’re in, something is going on in your life, at this time that leads to behavior

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19
Q

Factors that influences attribution

A

Consistency and distinctness

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20
Q

Define social psychology

A

The study of behaviors, thoughts, feelings in context of other people( social situations )

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21
Q

Consistency;

A

Person behaves same way all the time (internal)

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22
Q

Distinctiveness

A

Different than usual (situational)

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23
Q

Tendencies in attribution

A

Sway towards internal or external

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24
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Someone else does down thing wrong, we tend toward internal attribution

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25
Q

Self service bias;

A

You do something wrong, tend towards external attribution

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26
Q

Attitudes

A

Likes and dislikes of objects, issues and people

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27
Q

Issues are

A

Important topics of the day

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28
Q

Attitudes have 3 components

A

Beliefs, emotions, actions in

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29
Q

Attitudes towards people who belong to a certain social group

A

Prejudice

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30
Q

Types of social groups can be categorized by

A

Religion, ethnicity, political affiliation, sexuality and disability

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31
Q

Five features of a prejudice thinker

A

Categorization, stereotyping, group polarization, confirmation bias, discrimination

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32
Q

Categorization

A

Dividing people up into in and out groups

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33
Q

Stereotyping

A

Over generalized believes about social groups

Ex;
assigning favorable characteristics to in group and unfavorable to the out group

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34
Q

Group polarization

A

Members of in group reinforce beliefs

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35
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Looks for evidence to support beliefs

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36
Q

Discrimination

A

Includes actions or behaviors that treat members of the out group unfairly

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37
Q

Reducing prejudice

A

Getting to know people of our group, working on project together

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38
Q

Cognitive dissonance;

A

Beliefs don’t match experience

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39
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Sticking to beliefs despite evidence

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40
Q

Life span development

A

Study of change that takes place over the lifespan (Study from conception until old age)

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41
Q

Key issues with developmental psychology

A

Nature vs nurture; extent of change vs stability

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42
Q

Example of extent of change vs stability

A

6yr old has IQ of 82, in at age 16,26,36+ will his IQ remain the same(show stability) or will it change

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43
Q

Prenatal period

A

Conception until birth (38 weeks)

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44
Q

Define conception

A

Inherited genetic material from sperm, sperm fertilizes ovum

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45
Q

Egg cell is called

A

Zygot

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46
Q

Prenatal period has 3 stages

A

Germinal, embryo, fetal

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47
Q

Germinal stage (0-2 weeks from conception)

A

Cell division begins with 23 pairs of chromosomes (every cell has a copy of genetic material)

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48
Q

What can happen during the germinal stage

A

On occasion the cell divides into two deprecate cells turning into monozygotic twins

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49
Q

Embryo stage (2-8 weeks)

A

A great deal of differentiation begin (cells take on different functions, becoming different parts of the body. Cells have distinct roles)

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50
Q

Pulsating cells

A

Beginning of heart

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51
Q

Fetal stage (9weeks - birth)

A

All major systems and organs fully develop, ready for birth

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52
Q

Ex of beginning of fetal stage

A

Nervous system becomes fully developed the brain has millions of neurons ready for birth

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53
Q

Another example of the fetal stage

A

Respiratory system fully developed ready for birth inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide

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54
Q

Age of viability (24 weeks)

A

Earliest age fetus is likely to survive outside moms uterus

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55
Q

Define teratogens

A

Teratogens refer to substances that may cause harm during prenatal period

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56
Q

Teratogens are usually

A

Psycho five drugs (alcohol is the Main teratogen) can cause feral alcohol syndrome (fas)

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57
Q

Symptoms of fas

A

Limits in thinking, attention all issue +behavioral

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58
Q

Development after birth

A

Language development;

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59
Q

children obtain full language skills by

A

Age 2 and a half

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60
Q

What happens during the first month;

A

Newborns can discriminate among all speech sounds.

“P” “b” (newborns ears and auditory system work well)

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61
Q

2-3 month old infants can

A

Make owns speech sounds. (Newborns ears and auditory system work well)

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62
Q

At 4 months

A

Consonants and vowels combine “ba” “ge” (babbling sounds)

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63
Q

At one year ago

A

words that have meaning (first words) may refer to an object , person or action

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64
Q

Action would be

A

“Go”

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65
Q

Object would be

A

Baba

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66
Q

Infants become toddlers at the same time when

A

They begin to speak their first words

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67
Q

At two years

A

Two words combinations
Ex; me up

Happens earlier for girls

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68
Q

At 2.5

A

Combing multiple words together following the rules of syntax

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69
Q

Chomskys theory

A

Special structures were born with for language ((innate)

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70
Q

The critical period where children learn language

A

Three years or younger

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71
Q

Older than seven

A

Picking up a language is a more difficult

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72
Q

Define attachments

A

Reefer to a close emotional bond between a young child and caregiver

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73
Q

When do attachment start

A

Eight months

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74
Q

When is the peak intensity

A

13 months

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75
Q

Example of attachment

A

Mom comes in with Toddler to an unfamiliar room with toys

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76
Q

During example what would represent a secure healthy attachment

A

Exploring the room and checking back to mom, like bring her a toy or peeking up at her

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77
Q

During the situation a stranger enters

A

Toddler should show some stranger anxiety and would just be near his mother

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78
Q

The strangers proceeds to leave as well as mom leaving saying “ I’ll be right back”

A

Child shows some separation anxiety by waiting near door *not screaming *

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79
Q

What percentage of toddlers have a secure healthy attAtchment

A

60%

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80
Q

Three main types of parenting styles

A

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

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81
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

Lost of rules and discipline,

Parents are physical and aversive with obedience as the goal

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82
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Hardly any rules or discipline children are in charge

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83
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

Some rules and discipline, with a willingness to compromise

Provided negate is punishment

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84
Q

Which is the most popular and desire able parenting style

A

Authoritative

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85
Q

Children raised by AUTHORITATIVE parents are raised with

A

Good social skills and high self of steem

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86
Q

Cognitive development

A

Piagets Stages of development

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87
Q

STAGE ONE: Sensory motor stage

A

(0-2) motor actions and sensory experiences relate

Ex; learning how simple toys like a raffle work

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88
Q

What else happens during sensory motor stage

A

Object performance

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89
Q

Object performance

A

Understanding an object still exist, even when hidden

Piaget says 8 months it’s really 5 months

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90
Q

STAGE TWO: pre operational

A

2-7 years

Use of symbols to refer to objects or events

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91
Q

Symbols =

A

Words

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92
Q

Words support

A

Thinking

93
Q

Ego centrism

A

At ages 2&3 toddlers have difficulty taking someone else’s perspective

94
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11 years

Logical thinking especially in concrete situations

95
Q

Conservation;

A

understanding quantity of something stays the same, even when appearance changes

96
Q

Ex of conservation

A

😂😂😂😂= 😂😂. 😂. 😂

97
Q

Formal operation

A

12+

Logical thinking, even in hypothetical situations with abstract concepts

Ex; what If questionable

98
Q

Eriksons stages of psychosocial development

A

Conflicts that require successful resolution for a healthy development

99
Q

Erikson 1. Trust vs mistrust(neglect)

A

0-1yr

Needs met = trust development

Ex: eating and being changed on time

100
Q

Erikson 2. Automny vs shame/doubt

A

Doing things with guidance vs not aloud to try anything or aloud to do things w/o guidance

101
Q

Why is Erikson 2 important

A

Children as well as most adults have a strong desire to do things

102
Q

Erikson 3. Skip

A

Erikson is skipped here FREE PARKING YAS BITCH

103
Q

Erikson 4. Competence vs inferiority

A

(6-12)

Doing well in what’s valued in society

Ex: sports and popularity

104
Q

Eriksons 5. Identity vs role confusion

A

12-mid 20s

Beliefs, what’s important, career, plans are all figured out which means you have a sense of identity

In not you have role confusions

105
Q

Erikson 6. Intimacy vs isolation

A

(Mid 20s to mid 40s)

Falling in love and developing a close relationship with a significant other

unhealthy to not fall in love

106
Q

Erikson 7. Generativity vs stagnation

A

Mid 40s-mid 60s

Making contribution to future generations

Or

Doing nothing to help society

107
Q

Erikson 8. Integrity vs despair

A

Mid 60s+

Integrity- reviews life and satisfied with life accomplishments

108
Q

Despair

A

Having regrets about life choices

109
Q

Personality refers to

A

Characteristics, behaviors, thoughts and feelings seen in a person

110
Q

1930 Alports trait theory

A

Attempting to find a small set of traits that best describes personalities

111
Q

Alport found over 1000

A

Traits from dictionary

112
Q

Alport shortened and created the

A

“Big five” personality factors

113
Q

Alport 1. Openess

A

Desire to try new things, attain new ideas

Opposite= routine

114
Q

Alport 2. Conscientiousness

A

Organized, always on time and can be counted on

Opposite= unreliable

115
Q

Alport 3. Extra version

A

Talkative, outgoing, loves meeting new people

Opposite= introvert

116
Q

Alport 4. Agreeableness

A

Goes with the flow

Opposite= antagonistic

117
Q

Antagonistic

A

Likes to argue

118
Q

Alport 5. Neuroticism

A

Alot of worrying and thinking

Opposite= calm and relaxed

119
Q

mischels “person-situatuion interactions”

A

our expression of personality traits may need to be changed based on the situation

120
Q

Freuds psycho dynamic theory of pesronality

A

unconscious thoughts influence our behaviors and feelings.

121
Q

structure of personality

A

three types of thoughts

122
Q
  1. the I’d (unconscious)
A

pleasure principle (typically sexual or aggressive tendencies that provide pleasure.)

123
Q
  1. super ego (preconscious or almost conscious)
A

morality principle includes thoughts that are morally acceptable in society

124
Q

3, ego (mainly conscious)

A

tries to satisfy I’d in the context of the real world

125
Q

TOM AND SARAH EXAMPLE

A

TOMS BASICALLY SISTER IN LAW

tom has dirty thoughts about sarah

126
Q

defense mechanisms of the ego

A

repression, projection, displacement

127
Q

repression

A

pushing or keeping unacceptable thoughts in the unconscious

128
Q

projecting

A

attributing the unacceptable thoughts to someone else

the neighbor

129
Q

displacement

A

shift unacceptable thoughts to less threatening object or person

(Rite aid cashier)

130
Q

conflict between super ego and I’d

A

if i’d has pleasure but super ego says it goes against morality (causes anxiety)

131
Q

critcism on freuds theory

A

not able to repress troubling thoughts

too much emphasis on sexual motives

132
Q

rogers theory of personality

A

humanistic perspective

133
Q

self concept

A

what you think of yourself (positive or negative)

134
Q

self concept influences

A

how you behave and how you feel

135
Q

ex of sefl concept

A

ray is 18 years old

hes adventurous a risk taker and outgoing

136
Q

unconditional positive regard -

A

(positive self concept) valued and accepted by important people in life. such as parents even when ray doesn’t conform to standards and expectations

137
Q

conditional positive regard

A

(negative self concept) valued and accepted by important people in his life, only if he conforms to their values and standards.

138
Q

how to deal with negative self concept

A

modify self concept although youre not true to “ideal self”

139
Q

maladaptive

A

behaviors affect a person ability to function like holding a job

140
Q

diagnostic + statistical manual of mental disorders holds

A

300 mental disorders

141
Q

list of symptoms

A

identifiable behaviors for each disorder

142
Q

diagnoses

A

enough symptoms

if yes; label with disorder

143
Q

ex of diagnoses

A

child will be diagnosed with adhd if they
6 or more out of nine symptoms of inattentive
and
6 or more out of nine symptoms of hyperactive

144
Q

anxiety

A

intense, fear, tension this irrational (not based on real threat)

145
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

excesive amounts of worry (“free floating anxiety”)

146
Q

symptoms of gad

A

insomnia, rundown exhausted

147
Q

panic disorder

A

multiple panic attacks

sudden onset of extreme anxiety

148
Q

phobia

A

irrational fear of some object or situatuon

149
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of being in public places

150
Q

social phobia

A

fear of being center of attention in public

151
Q

claustrophobia

A

a fear of being in a small enclosed space

152
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd)

A

have symptoms of flash backs and night mares.

153
Q

when do flashbacks occur

A

they occur while being conscious, a vivid image of traumatic event

154
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd)

A

elaborate behavior pattern w. multiples

155
Q

obsessive means

A

reapated

156
Q

compulsive means

A

ritualistic

157
Q

mdd =

A

major depression disorder

158
Q

mdd symptoms 1*

A

extreme sadnes

159
Q

mdd symptoms 2 *

A

“loss of interest” doesnt gain pleasure from typical usual interestest

160
Q

mdd symptoms 3

A

changes in sleeping and eating

161
Q

mdd symptoms 4

A

loss of concentration

162
Q

mdd symptoms 5*

A

thoughts of worthlessness

163
Q

mdd symptoms 6*

A

suicidal thoughts

164
Q

define bipolar

A

periods of major depressive order and periods of mania

165
Q

mania

A

extreme excitement, non stop talking, outrageous plans.

166
Q

define personality disorders

A

having an extreme personality trait that can become maladaptive

167
Q

histronic personality disorder

A

craves attention, engases in actions to gain attention

168
Q

depeendent personality disorder

A

someone who is overly submissive, wants others to make all of the decisions (extreme agreeableness)

169
Q

maladaptive

A

unable to funcion

170
Q

schizoid

A

a loner who engages in odd behavior

171
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

instability in relationships, emotions, and self concept

172
Q

one symptom of bpd

A

lots of addictions

173
Q

anti social/socio path

A

a person who violates the rights of other with no sight of guilt or remorese

174
Q

anti social/socio path is a common diagnoses for

A

murderers

175
Q

societies biggest fear are

A

anti-social/ soci paths

176
Q

Define schizophrenia disorders

A

psychosis loss of contact with reality

177
Q

paranoid schizophrenia

A

dillusion, and hallucination

178
Q

what happens between the dillusions and hallucinations

A

they are disconnect and dont tell a story *nonsense speech! *

179
Q

dillusions are

A

false irrational beliefs

180
Q

dilusions are usually

A

grandear or persecution

181
Q

grandear

A

beliefs of being famous person

182
Q

persecution

A

believes that an agency or group is trying to capture them

183
Q

disorganized schizophrenia

A

dilusions , and hallucinations. inappropriate, emotional responses

184
Q

hallucination

A

perceptions not based on sensory input

185
Q

psychotherapy

A

psychological techniques

186
Q

A. psychoanalysis

A

original psychotherapy (Freud)

187
Q

what is psychoanalysis

A

to help treat people with disorder (like unconscious thoughts lead to difficulties, anxiety or depression)

188
Q

therapy helps reveal

A

unconcsious thoughts

189
Q

the four elements of diagnoses

A

free association, dream analysis, transference, interpretation

190
Q

free association

A

encouraged to talk about what ever enters your mind

191
Q

remember the 38 year old woman that gad and isnt married with no children?

A

now i do lol

192
Q

when getting interviewd she mention twice that she loves watching children at the soccer field with their cheering parents

A

true

193
Q

dream analysis

A

dreams are the royal road to the unconcious

194
Q

ex of dream analysis

A

the 38 yr old woman dreaming of an older woman giving shelter to a stray puppy

195
Q

transference

A

client directs emotional responses to therapist who serves as a substitute in clients life

196
Q

ex of transference

A

client complains therapist doesnt listen to her

197
Q

interpretation

A

using evidence from 1-3 to reveal to client what the unconscious thoughts are

198
Q

B. Behavior therapy

A

use conditioning principals to change maladaptive behaviors

199
Q

systematic desensitization

A

treat people with phobias

200
Q

steps to systematic desensitization

A

learn relaxation technique

create anxiety hierarchy

retain relaxation working up hierarchy

201
Q

example of hiearchy

A

d. total darkness(most fearful)
c. almost total darkness
b. slightly darker
a. dimly lit room (not to fearful)

202
Q

counter conditioning caused during systematic desensitization

A

at the end of therapy, darkness elicits relaxation

203
Q

C. Cognitive therapy (by beck) theory

Steps

A

Keep track of negative thinking

T test accuracy of negative thoughts

Realize not accurate

Change thoughts

204
Q

What is Beck’s theory

A

Negative thinking is a source of depression anxiety

205
Q

Negative thinking patterns Number one

Overgeneralization

A

Drawing global conclusion when something goes wrong

206
Q

Negative thinking patterns number two

Personalization

A

Blame one self when something goes wrong

207
Q

Negative thinking patterns number four

Magnification

A

Overestimate impact when something goes wrong

208
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

Use of psychoactive drugs to treat disorders

209
Q

Drugs affect activity of the Nuero

A

Transmitters

210
Q

Why do they use biomedical therapy

A

Because the outcome is less symptoms

211
Q

What happens if a person stops using drugs

A

Symptoms return

212
Q

“Eclectic approach”.

A

Combining different types of therapy together

213
Q

An example of a Eclectic approach

A

Taking antianxiety drugs and having cognitive therapy

214
Q

Antianxiety drugs

A

Benzodiazepine which increases levels of GABA

215
Q

What is a Valium

A

Xanax

216
Q

SSRIs

A

Increased activity of serotonin

217
Q

Name some SSRIs

A

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

218
Q

Dual-reuptake inhibitors

A

Increase activity of serotonin and norepinephrine

219
Q

Name some dual r inhibitors

A

Effexor or Cymbalta

220
Q

Mood stabilizers

A

Treat bipolar and stabilize glutamate levels in nervous system

221
Q

Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitter tied to mood

222
Q

Name some mood stabilizer

A

Lithium, depakote

223
Q

Anti psychotic drugs

A

drugs for schizophrenia

224
Q

Thorazine

A

Lowers dopamine levels

225
Q

How do anti psychotic drugs affect patients

A

Lessen symptoms of dilusion and hallucinations

226
Q

Side effects for Thorazine

A

Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements)

227
Q

Today’s anti psychotics drugs (15 years old)

A

These A typical anti psychotic drugs are called dispersal and clozaril

228
Q

Are there side effects with today schizophrenic medication

A

No

Exploring Psychology (4 decks)

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