Final Test Flashcards
Common social situations
Classroom, work, being with family or friends
(Social) norms;
Expected behaviors In a social situation
Conformity;
Behaving like other people in social situations (usually following the norm)
Why do people conform
To avoid sanctions
Define sanctions
Unpleasant consequences
Give an example of social facilitation
People show their best performance on a practiced task, when with other people
(Like competitions)
Give an example of social loafing
People tend not to Give best effort in a group based activity
(Group project for class)
Define obedience;
Following commands of an authority figure
Define milgrams famous studies (1960s-1970s)
The extent to which people obey an authoritative figure
What happened in milgrams studies
Participants we were told administer electric shocks to learn or whenever Lerner made a mistake
What was the learners job during the studies
Memorize a list of words and if a mistake was made the participant was required to shock of the learner
Socks increase starting at 15 Volts and going up to 450
The voltage increased in intervals of ____ volts everytime the learner made a mistake
15 volts
__% of participants went up to 450 volts
65
When the instructions were over the phone the participants who went all the way to 450 volts went down to __%
23
It then continued to go down to __% if they saw others obey
10%
Define attribution;
Trying to determine the causes of people’s behaviors
Internal (dispositional)
It’s your personality
External(situational)
The situation you’re in, something is going on in your life, at this time that leads to behavior
Factors that influences attribution
Consistency and distinctness
Define social psychology
The study of behaviors, thoughts, feelings in context of other people( social situations )
Consistency;
Person behaves same way all the time (internal)
Distinctiveness
Different than usual (situational)
Tendencies in attribution
Sway towards internal or external
Fundamental attribution error
Someone else does down thing wrong, we tend toward internal attribution
Self service bias;
You do something wrong, tend towards external attribution
Attitudes
Likes and dislikes of objects, issues and people
Issues are
Important topics of the day
Attitudes have 3 components
Beliefs, emotions, actions in
Attitudes towards people who belong to a certain social group
Prejudice
Types of social groups can be categorized by
Religion, ethnicity, political affiliation, sexuality and disability
Five features of a prejudice thinker
Categorization, stereotyping, group polarization, confirmation bias, discrimination
Categorization
Dividing people up into in and out groups
Stereotyping
Over generalized believes about social groups
Ex;
assigning favorable characteristics to in group and unfavorable to the out group
Group polarization
Members of in group reinforce beliefs
Confirmation bias
Looks for evidence to support beliefs
Discrimination
Includes actions or behaviors that treat members of the out group unfairly
Reducing prejudice
Getting to know people of our group, working on project together
Cognitive dissonance;
Beliefs don’t match experience
Belief perseverance
Sticking to beliefs despite evidence
Life span development
Study of change that takes place over the lifespan (Study from conception until old age)
Key issues with developmental psychology
Nature vs nurture; extent of change vs stability
Example of extent of change vs stability
6yr old has IQ of 82, in at age 16,26,36+ will his IQ remain the same(show stability) or will it change
Prenatal period
Conception until birth (38 weeks)
Define conception
Inherited genetic material from sperm, sperm fertilizes ovum
Egg cell is called
Zygot
Prenatal period has 3 stages
Germinal, embryo, fetal
Germinal stage (0-2 weeks from conception)
Cell division begins with 23 pairs of chromosomes (every cell has a copy of genetic material)
What can happen during the germinal stage
On occasion the cell divides into two deprecate cells turning into monozygotic twins
Embryo stage (2-8 weeks)
A great deal of differentiation begin (cells take on different functions, becoming different parts of the body. Cells have distinct roles)
Pulsating cells
Beginning of heart
Fetal stage (9weeks - birth)
All major systems and organs fully develop, ready for birth
Ex of beginning of fetal stage
Nervous system becomes fully developed the brain has millions of neurons ready for birth
Another example of the fetal stage
Respiratory system fully developed ready for birth inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
Age of viability (24 weeks)
Earliest age fetus is likely to survive outside moms uterus
Define teratogens
Teratogens refer to substances that may cause harm during prenatal period
Teratogens are usually
Psycho five drugs (alcohol is the Main teratogen) can cause feral alcohol syndrome (fas)
Symptoms of fas
Limits in thinking, attention all issue +behavioral
Development after birth
Language development;
children obtain full language skills by
Age 2 and a half
What happens during the first month;
Newborns can discriminate among all speech sounds.
“P” “b” (newborns ears and auditory system work well)
2-3 month old infants can
Make owns speech sounds. (Newborns ears and auditory system work well)
At 4 months
Consonants and vowels combine “ba” “ge” (babbling sounds)
At one year ago
words that have meaning (first words) may refer to an object , person or action
Action would be
“Go”
Object would be
Baba
Infants become toddlers at the same time when
They begin to speak their first words
At two years
Two words combinations
Ex; me up
Happens earlier for girls
At 2.5
Combing multiple words together following the rules of syntax
Chomskys theory
Special structures were born with for language ((innate)
The critical period where children learn language
Three years or younger
Older than seven
Picking up a language is a more difficult
Define attachments
Reefer to a close emotional bond between a young child and caregiver
When do attachment start
Eight months
When is the peak intensity
13 months
Example of attachment
Mom comes in with Toddler to an unfamiliar room with toys
During example what would represent a secure healthy attachment
Exploring the room and checking back to mom, like bring her a toy or peeking up at her
During the situation a stranger enters
Toddler should show some stranger anxiety and would just be near his mother
The strangers proceeds to leave as well as mom leaving saying “ I’ll be right back”
Child shows some separation anxiety by waiting near door *not screaming *
What percentage of toddlers have a secure healthy attAtchment
60%
Three main types of parenting styles
Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
Authoritarian parenting style
Lost of rules and discipline,
Parents are physical and aversive with obedience as the goal
Permissive parenting style
Hardly any rules or discipline children are in charge
Authoritative parenting style
Some rules and discipline, with a willingness to compromise
Provided negate is punishment
Which is the most popular and desire able parenting style
Authoritative
Children raised by AUTHORITATIVE parents are raised with
Good social skills and high self of steem
Cognitive development
Piagets Stages of development
STAGE ONE: Sensory motor stage
(0-2) motor actions and sensory experiences relate
Ex; learning how simple toys like a raffle work
What else happens during sensory motor stage
Object performance
Object performance
Understanding an object still exist, even when hidden
Piaget says 8 months it’s really 5 months
STAGE TWO: pre operational
2-7 years
Use of symbols to refer to objects or events
Symbols =
Words
Words support
Thinking
Ego centrism
At ages 2&3 toddlers have difficulty taking someone else’s perspective
Concrete operational
7-11 years
Logical thinking especially in concrete situations
Conservation;
understanding quantity of something stays the same, even when appearance changes
Ex of conservation
😂😂😂😂= 😂😂. 😂. 😂
Formal operation
12+
Logical thinking, even in hypothetical situations with abstract concepts
Ex; what If questionable
Eriksons stages of psychosocial development
Conflicts that require successful resolution for a healthy development
Erikson 1. Trust vs mistrust(neglect)
0-1yr
Needs met = trust development
Ex: eating and being changed on time
Erikson 2. Automny vs shame/doubt
Doing things with guidance vs not aloud to try anything or aloud to do things w/o guidance
Why is Erikson 2 important
Children as well as most adults have a strong desire to do things
Erikson 3. Skip
Erikson is skipped here FREE PARKING YAS BITCH
Erikson 4. Competence vs inferiority
(6-12)
Doing well in what’s valued in society
Ex: sports and popularity
Eriksons 5. Identity vs role confusion
12-mid 20s
Beliefs, what’s important, career, plans are all figured out which means you have a sense of identity
In not you have role confusions
Erikson 6. Intimacy vs isolation
(Mid 20s to mid 40s)
Falling in love and developing a close relationship with a significant other
unhealthy to not fall in love
Erikson 7. Generativity vs stagnation
Mid 40s-mid 60s
Making contribution to future generations
Or
Doing nothing to help society
Erikson 8. Integrity vs despair
Mid 60s+
Integrity- reviews life and satisfied with life accomplishments
Despair
Having regrets about life choices
Personality refers to
Characteristics, behaviors, thoughts and feelings seen in a person
1930 Alports trait theory
Attempting to find a small set of traits that best describes personalities
Alport found over 1000
Traits from dictionary
Alport shortened and created the
“Big five” personality factors
Alport 1. Openess
Desire to try new things, attain new ideas
Opposite= routine
Alport 2. Conscientiousness
Organized, always on time and can be counted on
Opposite= unreliable
Alport 3. Extra version
Talkative, outgoing, loves meeting new people
Opposite= introvert
Alport 4. Agreeableness
Goes with the flow
Opposite= antagonistic
Antagonistic
Likes to argue
Alport 5. Neuroticism
Alot of worrying and thinking
Opposite= calm and relaxed
mischels “person-situatuion interactions”
our expression of personality traits may need to be changed based on the situation
Freuds psycho dynamic theory of pesronality
unconscious thoughts influence our behaviors and feelings.
structure of personality
three types of thoughts
- the I’d (unconscious)
pleasure principle (typically sexual or aggressive tendencies that provide pleasure.)
- super ego (preconscious or almost conscious)
morality principle includes thoughts that are morally acceptable in society
3, ego (mainly conscious)
tries to satisfy I’d in the context of the real world
TOM AND SARAH EXAMPLE
TOMS BASICALLY SISTER IN LAW
tom has dirty thoughts about sarah
defense mechanisms of the ego
repression, projection, displacement
repression
pushing or keeping unacceptable thoughts in the unconscious
projecting
attributing the unacceptable thoughts to someone else
the neighbor
displacement
shift unacceptable thoughts to less threatening object or person
(Rite aid cashier)
conflict between super ego and I’d
if i’d has pleasure but super ego says it goes against morality (causes anxiety)
critcism on freuds theory
not able to repress troubling thoughts
too much emphasis on sexual motives
rogers theory of personality
humanistic perspective
self concept
what you think of yourself (positive or negative)
self concept influences
how you behave and how you feel
ex of sefl concept
ray is 18 years old
hes adventurous a risk taker and outgoing
unconditional positive regard -
(positive self concept) valued and accepted by important people in life. such as parents even when ray doesn’t conform to standards and expectations
conditional positive regard
(negative self concept) valued and accepted by important people in his life, only if he conforms to their values and standards.
how to deal with negative self concept
modify self concept although youre not true to “ideal self”
maladaptive
behaviors affect a person ability to function like holding a job
diagnostic + statistical manual of mental disorders holds
300 mental disorders
list of symptoms
identifiable behaviors for each disorder
diagnoses
enough symptoms
if yes; label with disorder
ex of diagnoses
child will be diagnosed with adhd if they
6 or more out of nine symptoms of inattentive
and
6 or more out of nine symptoms of hyperactive
anxiety
intense, fear, tension this irrational (not based on real threat)
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
excesive amounts of worry (“free floating anxiety”)
symptoms of gad
insomnia, rundown exhausted
panic disorder
multiple panic attacks
sudden onset of extreme anxiety
phobia
irrational fear of some object or situatuon
agoraphobia
fear of being in public places
social phobia
fear of being center of attention in public
claustrophobia
a fear of being in a small enclosed space
post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd)
have symptoms of flash backs and night mares.
when do flashbacks occur
they occur while being conscious, a vivid image of traumatic event
Obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd)
elaborate behavior pattern w. multiples
obsessive means
reapated
compulsive means
ritualistic
mdd =
major depression disorder
mdd symptoms 1*
extreme sadnes
mdd symptoms 2 *
“loss of interest” doesnt gain pleasure from typical usual interestest
mdd symptoms 3
changes in sleeping and eating
mdd symptoms 4
loss of concentration
mdd symptoms 5*
thoughts of worthlessness
mdd symptoms 6*
suicidal thoughts
define bipolar
periods of major depressive order and periods of mania
mania
extreme excitement, non stop talking, outrageous plans.
define personality disorders
having an extreme personality trait that can become maladaptive
histronic personality disorder
craves attention, engases in actions to gain attention
depeendent personality disorder
someone who is overly submissive, wants others to make all of the decisions (extreme agreeableness)
maladaptive
unable to funcion
schizoid
a loner who engages in odd behavior
borderline personality disorder
instability in relationships, emotions, and self concept
one symptom of bpd
lots of addictions
anti social/socio path
a person who violates the rights of other with no sight of guilt or remorese
anti social/socio path is a common diagnoses for
murderers
societies biggest fear are
anti-social/ soci paths
Define schizophrenia disorders
psychosis loss of contact with reality
paranoid schizophrenia
dillusion, and hallucination
what happens between the dillusions and hallucinations
they are disconnect and dont tell a story *nonsense speech! *
dillusions are
false irrational beliefs
dilusions are usually
grandear or persecution
grandear
beliefs of being famous person
persecution
believes that an agency or group is trying to capture them
disorganized schizophrenia
dilusions , and hallucinations. inappropriate, emotional responses
hallucination
perceptions not based on sensory input
psychotherapy
psychological techniques
A. psychoanalysis
original psychotherapy (Freud)
what is psychoanalysis
to help treat people with disorder (like unconscious thoughts lead to difficulties, anxiety or depression)
therapy helps reveal
unconcsious thoughts
the four elements of diagnoses
free association, dream analysis, transference, interpretation
free association
encouraged to talk about what ever enters your mind
remember the 38 year old woman that gad and isnt married with no children?
now i do lol
when getting interviewd she mention twice that she loves watching children at the soccer field with their cheering parents
true
dream analysis
dreams are the royal road to the unconcious
ex of dream analysis
the 38 yr old woman dreaming of an older woman giving shelter to a stray puppy
transference
client directs emotional responses to therapist who serves as a substitute in clients life
ex of transference
client complains therapist doesnt listen to her
interpretation
using evidence from 1-3 to reveal to client what the unconscious thoughts are
B. Behavior therapy
use conditioning principals to change maladaptive behaviors
systematic desensitization
treat people with phobias
steps to systematic desensitization
learn relaxation technique
create anxiety hierarchy
retain relaxation working up hierarchy
example of hiearchy
d. total darkness(most fearful)
c. almost total darkness
b. slightly darker
a. dimly lit room (not to fearful)
counter conditioning caused during systematic desensitization
at the end of therapy, darkness elicits relaxation
C. Cognitive therapy (by beck) theory
Steps
Keep track of negative thinking
T test accuracy of negative thoughts
Realize not accurate
Change thoughts
What is Beck’s theory
Negative thinking is a source of depression anxiety
Negative thinking patterns Number one
Overgeneralization
Drawing global conclusion when something goes wrong
Negative thinking patterns number two
Personalization
Blame one self when something goes wrong
Negative thinking patterns number four
Magnification
Overestimate impact when something goes wrong
Biomedical therapy
Use of psychoactive drugs to treat disorders
Drugs affect activity of the Nuero
Transmitters
Why do they use biomedical therapy
Because the outcome is less symptoms
What happens if a person stops using drugs
Symptoms return
“Eclectic approach”.
Combining different types of therapy together
An example of a Eclectic approach
Taking antianxiety drugs and having cognitive therapy
Antianxiety drugs
Benzodiazepine which increases levels of GABA
What is a Valium
Xanax
SSRIs
Increased activity of serotonin
Name some SSRIs
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
Dual-reuptake inhibitors
Increase activity of serotonin and norepinephrine
Name some dual r inhibitors
Effexor or Cymbalta
Mood stabilizers
Treat bipolar and stabilize glutamate levels in nervous system
Glutamate
Neurotransmitter tied to mood
Name some mood stabilizer
Lithium, depakote
Anti psychotic drugs
drugs for schizophrenia
Thorazine
Lowers dopamine levels
How do anti psychotic drugs affect patients
Lessen symptoms of dilusion and hallucinations
Side effects for Thorazine
Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements)
Today’s anti psychotics drugs (15 years old)
These A typical anti psychotic drugs are called dispersal and clozaril
Are there side effects with today schizophrenic medication
No
