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Exploring Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Drive - reduction theory

A

Behaviors tied to biological needs (food and water)

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2
Q

Define drive

A

State of tension, being uncomfortable

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3
Q

Ex of drive

A

Water drive Drive= thirst Behavior = drink

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4
Q

What does getting a drink do

A

Reduces drive to satisfy need need for water

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5
Q

Incentive theory

A

Engage in behavior to receive incentive ( secondary reinforcement) leads to behavior

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6
Q

Arousal theory

A

Desire for arousal or excitement leads to behavior Ex; six flags, dancing, driving fast on highway

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7
Q

Yerkes Dodson law

A

Relationship between arousal and performance

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8
Q

Too little arousal

A

Performance sucks

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9
Q

Physiological factors

A

Designed to maintain homeostasis (balanced state) maintain a stable or constant weight “set point”

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10
Q

Negative energy balance;

A

(not eaten food for a long time) food intake is less than amount used for energy

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11
Q

What also happens during negative energy balance

A

Stomach lining secretes hormone called ghrellin that travels to the hypothalamus triggering the drive of hunger

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12
Q

Positive energy balance;

A

Intake of food is more than amount used for energy fat cells are activated, special hormone called leptin, sending messages to hypothalamus. (regulates eating behaviors leading us to feel satisfied (full))

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13
Q

What is an eating disorder

A

eating despite a positive energy balance

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14
Q

Why does this happen when you eat despite a positive Energy balance

A

Because our brain tells his food is appealing, variety, large portions, fast, social activity

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15
Q

What percentage of Americans share the sedentary lifestyle of not excercising

A

40%

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16
Q

Obesity is identified by

A

BMI

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17
Q

Health BMI

A

18-25

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18
Q

Overweight = How much percent as well

A

25-30 30%

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19
Q

Obese What percentage as well

A

30+ 30%

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20
Q

Why are so many people considered over weight

A

BMI standards are strict

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21
Q

Motivation

A

All factors that lead to behaviors

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22
Q

New info ➡️ sensory memory ➡(selective attention) STM➡️ (encoding process) Ltm

A

New information arrives there are sense organs to our sensory memory, it is brief very short amount of time. It differs for vision and hearing. If you pay attention it will go to the short-term memory then you process it

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23
Q

vision and hearing represent

A

sensory memory

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24
Q

vision =

A

iconic memory; last less than .5 seconds gets replaced by new visuals

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25
Q

Hearing =

A

Echoic memory last up to four seconds

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26
Q

With iconic memory

A

Visual images last as long as an eye blink

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27
Q

Sounds enter echoing memory in a

A

Sequence

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28
Q

You combine multiple sounds together to perceive a

A

Word or sentence

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29
Q

STM is Also called

A

Working memory

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30
Q

Working memory or stm is What kind of storage Duration Capacity

A

Temporary store of information for conscious processing 1.limited duration; up to 20 seconds(if you do nothing with it) 2. Limited capacity; can hold 7 +- 2 bits of info

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31
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeat it to tousled to yourself to keep it Beyond 20 seconds. Also used to encode it into LTM

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32
Q

Nbc irs omg is

A

A memory strategy called chunking where you combine individual bits of info into larger units

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33
Q

What is encoding

A

Transferring info from stm to LTM

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34
Q

LTM =

A

Perms and storage, has unlimited capacity

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35
Q

Types of encoding

A

Samantic Procedural Eposodic

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36
Q

Samantic;

A

Encoding facts( residues effortful encoding ) Using maintenance rehearsal or elaborative rehearsal

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37
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Making association with info already in LTM

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38
Q

Procedural info

A

Commands through our muscles for routine motor actions (Automatic encoding)

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39
Q

Episodic information

A

Memory for evens we live through (significant, emotionally events)

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40
Q

Recall of episodic memories

A

Construction errors(make errors when recalling) By; lotus

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41
Q

Maslows hiearchy of needs

A
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42
Q

physiological needs for hiarchy

A

need to satisfy needs such as sleep, water, and food.

43
Q

Safety needs for hiarchy

A

Prototected from harm,

Ex; living in a house

44
Q

Belongingness and love for hiarchy

A

Its important in todays society. which is why we use social media.

Lost connections upset us, such break ups. they can provide some people with depression and anger

we enjoy company of family and friends.

45
Q

Esteem for hiarchy

A

recognized and approved by others

approve of self (self esteem)

46
Q

Self aculization

A

Full potential

47
Q

What is the FIRST reason we construct errors with recalling episodic memories

Give an example

A

Misleading information

Ex; have a class watch a video of car accident and ask half of the class to estimate how fast the driver was going when he smashed/or/Bumped into the other car

Smashed will havefaster answers

48
Q

What is the SECOND reason we construct errors with recalling episodic memories

A

suggestions; can implant false memories

ex; ask child if he remembers magician

falsly will say yes because it sounds good

49
Q

What is the THIRD reason we construct errors with recalling episodic memories

A

flashbulb memories; memories with alot of detais.

overtime, detai’s fade

50
Q

What is the FOURTH reason we construct errors with recalling episodic memories

A

script; refers to a typical sequence of actions in a routine event

51
Q

define forgeting

A

information lost in the memory system

52
Q

4 reasons we forget

A
  • failure to encode
  • retrieval failure
  • storage decay
  • interference
53
Q

failure to encode

A

failed to encode somamtic information of facts

54
Q

retieval failure

A

process of getting info from ltm back stm

55
Q

storage decay

A

applies when info was encoded years ago and hasmt been retreived in a very long time

56
Q

interference

A

try to encode alot of information to ltm

57
Q

pro active interference;

A

old information disrupts encoding of new information

58
Q

Retroactive interference

A

new info disrupts retrieval of old information

59
Q

how can you limit interference

A

by adding time in between encoding sessions

60
Q

brain structures are used in

A

Memory

61
Q

cerebelum/ basal ganglia

A

used when encoding procedural information

62
Q

what is the hippocampus heavily involved for

A

the encoding process of semantic and eposodic info to ltm

63
Q

Damage to the hippocums lead to

A

anterogrude amnesia and caused problems encoding.

alzheimerrs is an example of this because people with alzheighmers are unable to encode events.

64
Q

how does the amygdala contribute to memory

A

main brainstructure whena memory has an emotionaly component, becomes part of neurons that store memories

65
Q

what do association areas of cerebral cortex store

A

somantic and eposidic memories

66
Q

define thinking

A

use of mental represenations to process info

67
Q

example of thinking

A

solving a problem or making a decision

68
Q

define concepts

A

mental categories of objects or events(list of features); features of a bird; wings, flies, beak, feathers

69
Q

what type of encoding are concepts

A

somantic information or facts

70
Q

what is a prototype

A

the best possible example or most typical instance of a concept

71
Q

whats an anagram

A

scrambled letters

72
Q

what is an alagorithm

A

set of procedures, if followed correctly, results in right answer

73
Q

alogarithm for anagaram

A

systematic random search

74
Q

what is an heuristic

A

short cut strategy

75
Q

types of decision making

A
  • availability heuristic
  • addative model
  • elimination by aspect
76
Q

availability hueristic

A

use most recent/most striking memory for decision making

ex; stopping at a stop sign prior to being pulled over while doing a roll through

77
Q

additive model ex

A

ex; what guy to date

  1. list best features
  2. rate each option
  3. add up rates
78
Q

elimination by aspect

A

decision is made by eliminating an option that does not have a certain feature

79
Q

why do we use language

A

for comminucation

80
Q

are thinking and language heavily related?

A

yes

81
Q

what is inner speach

A

use of language while we think

82
Q

ages 2-3 use outter ____

A

speech

83
Q

define language

A

communicate our thoughts, used to think, and convey our thoughts to others

84
Q

phonemes

A

individual sounds of a language

85
Q

morphemes

A

smalles meaningful unit

treat = 1 morpheme

mistreated(mis.treat.ed)= 3 morphemes

86
Q

semantics

A

meanings that words refer too

87
Q

Syntax;

A

rules for combining words together legally

88
Q

what is itelligance measured with

A

intelligance tests

89
Q

what are intelligence test designed to test for

A

aptitude

90
Q

who developed intelegence test and who were they mainly designed for

A

developed by binet and simon

designed for children 3-13

91
Q

Define mental age

A

oldest age in which the child answers questions correctly on a test

92
Q

Sterns intelligent quotient(IQ) formula =

A

Ma/Ca X 100

93
Q

Modern intelligence test was designed for by who

A

made by wechsler

94
Q

what are some of the verbal subjects examples of modern IT

A

Ex; simiarites: given two words to see how the definitions are similar

ex; poetry and statue

(answer; both represnt a form of art)

95
Q

performence sbtest on modern IT

A

ex; block design

like in class

96
Q

how is scoring done today

A
  1. given large sample of people
  2. find average score of all people
  3. convert average to 100
97
Q
  1. inetellectual developement disorder
  2. low averae
  3. average
  4. high average
  5. gifted
A
    • 70 (2%)
  2. 70-84 (14%)
  3. 85-115 (68%)
  4. 115-130 (14%)
  5. 130+ (2%)
98
Q

theories of itelligence

A
  1. spearman
  2. gardbers
  3. sternbergs
99
Q

spearmans theheory of intellgence

A

“g factor” theory

your IQ defines your general mental abilities and it shows across domain (shown in everything you do)

100
Q

Gardners theory of intellegence

A

(multiple intellegences)

traditional intellegence test

  1. luinguisic
  2. logical (math and intelligence)
  3. Spacial
101
Q

non traditional items for gardners theory

A
  1. musical
  2. odily-kinesthetics (srong athletic skills)
  3. inter personal ( good social skills) (holds empathy)
  4. intrapersonal ( being aware of ones self) (street smart
  5. Naturalistic
102
Q

sternbergs intelligence theory

A

Sternbergs 3 intelligence

  1. analytical (acedimic intelligences) (reading, math, language)
  2. creativity (“key sign”) (original, novel ideas) (divergent thinker)
  3. Practical (how to handle real life situations)
103
Q
A

Exploring Psychology (4 decks)

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