Test Two Flashcards
sensation
process of detecting physical energies from the environment
transduction
transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy
perception
brain organizing and interpreting sensory info and giving it meaning
bottom-up processing
Sensory input, outside world influences perception
top-down process
Cognitive process, internal world’s influence on perception
selective attention
focusing on one aspect while ignoring others
sensory adaptation
change in responsiveness of sensory system, based on level of surrounding stimulation
synesthesia
one sense induces another sense
retina
light sensitive surface with receptors (rods and cones)
sclera
white part of eye
iris
color part of the eye
pupil
opening of the eye
lens
focuses light on retina
cornea
outside cover of eye
optic nerve
transmits impulse from retina to brain
astigmatism
misshapen cornea or lens
pinna
localization of sound, outer ear
ear drum
vibrates in response to sounds
basilar membrane
balance
thermoreceptor
feels warm or cold
pressure
different sensitivities around the body
pain
sensation for danger
fast pain pathway
thalamus
chronic pain pathway
limbic system
development
a pattern of change in human capabilities
when does development begin?
conception
germinal stage
zygote, massive cell division (1-2 wks)
embryonic period
organs appear, brain and spinal cord (3-8 wks)
fetal period
organs mature so that life can continue without the mother (2 months-birth)
testosterone
voice change, height, facial hair
estrogen/estrodiol
uterus and skeletal development
early adulthood
peak of physical development, developing damaging lifestyle choices
middle adulthood
signs of aging, less fitness, menopause
late adulthood
accumulated wear and tear, less ability to repair and regenerate
young elderly
slower mental function, wisdom, semi-active
elderly
arthritis, hypertension, osteoporosis, weight loss
frail elderly
alziheimers and dementia
human life span capacity
120 years
trust vs mistrust
0-18 years, attachment to caregiver
autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3 years, independence or shame, discover their own will
initiative vs guilt
3-5 years, assume responsibility for self
industry vs inferiority
6-12 years, mastering knowledge, self esteem
identity vs role confusion
12-18, autonomy from parents, importance of peers, independence
intimacy vs isolation
18-34, forming intimate relationships with others, career, work/life balance
generativity vs stagnation
34-60, managing career and household, legacy, assist younger generations
integrity vs despair
60-75+, life review, regrets, self-acceptance
authoritarian parenting style
controlling, punitive
authoritative
encourage independence with limits, negotiator
neglectful
parents uninvolved
permissive
highly involved, place few limits
temperment
behavioral style or characteristic way of responding
easy temperment
positive, adaptable
difficult temperment
negatively, irregular routines, non-adaptable
slow-to-warm
low activity, somewhat negative, low adaptability and intensity of mood
photoreception
detection of light
mechanoreception
detection of pressure, vibration and movement
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy a person can detect
difference threshold
degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli for the senses
subliminal perceptions
the detection of information below the level of concious awareness
priming
the activation of information that people already have stored in their mind to help them remember new info better and faster
signal detection theory
approach to perception that focuses on descision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
criterion
the standards that will be used to make a decision
attention
the process of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment
selective attention
focusing on specific aspect of an experience while ignoring others (cocktail party)
insomnia
inability to sleep
who is most affected by insomnia?
women, older adults, thinner people, stressed and depressed
Sleep talking occurs in…
the deepest sleep
nightmare
frightening dreams during REM, times of stress
night terrors
sudden arousal from sleep with an intense fear, non-REM sleep
narcolepsy
overpowering urge to sleep while being active, inherited
when someone with narcolepsy has a sleeping episode, they are in what stage of sleep?
REM
sleep apnea
stop breathing while sleeping because windpipe fails to open
who is affected by sleep apnea the most?
infants, older adults, obese persons
manifest content
symbols you remember seeing in the dream
Psychodynamic approach to dreams
unconcious attempt to fulfill needs
latent content
dreams unconcious meaning/hidden content
cognitive theory of dreams
info processing and memory, where we solve problems
activation-synthesis theory of dreams
brain makes sense of random brain activity
psychoactive drugs
alter conciousness, modify perceptions, change mood
depressants
slow down mental and physical activity
stimulants
increase cns activity
hallucinogens
modify perceptual experience
consciousness
awareness of external events and internal sensations
higher level conciousness
controlled processing, focus efforts towards a goal, alert
lower-level conciousness
automatic processes, doesn’t interfere with on going activities, daydreaming
altered states of consciousness
notably different than normal awareness
subconscious awareness
incubation, coma, sleep and dreams
no awareness
unconscious/censored thought, being “knocked out”
beta waves
awake and alert
alpha waves
relaxed and drowsy
first stage: light sleep
theta waves
second stage
theta waves, sleep spindles
stage three: deep sleep
delta waves, muscles relaxed
stage four: deepest sleep
delta waves, difficult to wake up
stage four: REM sleep
eeg similar to relaxed wakefulness, rapid eye movement
how long is one sleep cycle?
90-100 mins
how many sleep cycles per night?
5
