Test Two Flashcards
1
Q
sensation
A
process of detecting physical energies from the environment
2
Q
transduction
A
transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy
3
Q
perception
A
brain organizing and interpreting sensory info and giving it meaning
4
Q
bottom-up processing
A
Sensory input, outside world influences perception
5
Q
top-down process
A
Cognitive process, internal world’s influence on perception
6
Q
selective attention
A
focusing on one aspect while ignoring others
7
Q
sensory adaptation
A
change in responsiveness of sensory system, based on level of surrounding stimulation
8
Q
synesthesia
A
one sense induces another sense
9
Q
retina
A
light sensitive surface with receptors (rods and cones)
10
Q
sclera
A
white part of eye
11
Q
iris
A
color part of the eye
12
Q
pupil
A
opening of the eye
13
Q
lens
A
focuses light on retina
14
Q
cornea
A
outside cover of eye
15
Q
optic nerve
A
transmits impulse from retina to brain
16
Q
astigmatism
A
misshapen cornea or lens
17
Q
pinna
A
localization of sound, outer ear
18
Q
ear drum
A
vibrates in response to sounds
19
Q
basilar membrane
A
balance
20
Q
thermoreceptor
A
feels warm or cold
21
Q
pressure
A
different sensitivities around the body
22
Q
pain
A
sensation for danger
23
Q
fast pain pathway
A
thalamus
24
Q
chronic pain pathway
A
limbic system
25
development
a pattern of change in human capabilities
26
when does development begin?
conception
27
germinal stage
zygote, massive cell division (1-2 wks)
28
embryonic period
organs appear, brain and spinal cord (3-8 wks)
29
fetal period
organs mature so that life can continue without the mother (2 months-birth)
30
testosterone
voice change, height, facial hair
31
estrogen/estrodiol
uterus and skeletal development
32
early adulthood
peak of physical development, developing damaging lifestyle choices
33
middle adulthood
signs of aging, less fitness, menopause
34
late adulthood
accumulated wear and tear, less ability to repair and regenerate
35
young elderly
slower mental function, wisdom, semi-active
36
elderly
arthritis, hypertension, osteoporosis, weight loss
37
frail elderly
alziheimers and dementia
38
human life span capacity
120 years
39
trust vs mistrust
0-18 years, attachment to caregiver
40
autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3 years, independence or shame, discover their own will
41
initiative vs guilt
3-5 years, assume responsibility for self
42
industry vs inferiority
6-12 years, mastering knowledge, self esteem
43
identity vs role confusion
12-18, autonomy from parents, importance of peers, independence
44
intimacy vs isolation
18-34, forming intimate relationships with others, career, work/life balance
45
generativity vs stagnation
34-60, managing career and household, legacy, assist younger generations
46
integrity vs despair
60-75+, life review, regrets, self-acceptance
47
authoritarian parenting style
controlling, punitive
48
authoritative
encourage independence with limits, negotiator
49
neglectful
parents uninvolved
50
permissive
highly involved, place few limits
51
temperment
behavioral style or characteristic way of responding
52
easy temperment
positive, adaptable
53
difficult temperment
negatively, irregular routines, non-adaptable
54
slow-to-warm
low activity, somewhat negative, low adaptability and intensity of mood
55
photoreception
detection of light
56
mechanoreception
detection of pressure, vibration and movement
57
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy a person can detect
58
difference threshold
degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli for the senses
59
subliminal perceptions
the detection of information below the level of concious awareness
60
priming
the activation of information that people already have stored in their mind to help them remember new info better and faster
61
signal detection theory
approach to perception that focuses on descision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
62
criterion
the standards that will be used to make a decision
63
attention
the process of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment
64
selective attention
focusing on specific aspect of an experience while ignoring others (cocktail party)
65
66
insomnia
inability to sleep
67
who is most affected by insomnia?
women, older adults, thinner people, stressed and depressed
68
Sleep talking occurs in...
the deepest sleep
69
nightmare
frightening dreams during REM, times of stress
70
night terrors
sudden arousal from sleep with an intense fear, non-REM sleep
71
narcolepsy
overpowering urge to sleep while being active, inherited
72
when someone with narcolepsy has a sleeping episode, they are in what stage of sleep?
REM
73
sleep apnea
stop breathing while sleeping because windpipe fails to open
74
who is affected by sleep apnea the most?
infants, older adults, obese persons
75
manifest content
symbols you remember seeing in the dream
76
Psychodynamic approach to dreams
unconcious attempt to fulfill needs
77
latent content
dreams unconcious meaning/hidden content
78
cognitive theory of dreams
info processing and memory, where we solve problems
79
activation-synthesis theory of dreams
brain makes sense of random brain activity
80
psychoactive drugs
alter conciousness, modify perceptions, change mood
81
depressants
slow down mental and physical activity
82
stimulants
increase cns activity
83
hallucinogens
modify perceptual experience
84
consciousness
awareness of external events and internal sensations
85
higher level conciousness
controlled processing, focus efforts towards a goal, alert
86
lower-level conciousness
automatic processes, doesn't interfere with on going activities, daydreaming
87
altered states of consciousness
notably different than normal awareness
88
subconscious awareness
incubation, coma, sleep and dreams
89
no awareness
unconscious/censored thought, being "knocked out"
90
beta waves
awake and alert
91
alpha waves
relaxed and drowsy
92
first stage: light sleep
theta waves
93
second stage
theta waves, sleep spindles
94
stage three: deep sleep
delta waves, muscles relaxed
95
stage four: deepest sleep
delta waves, difficult to wake up
96
stage four: REM sleep
eeg similar to relaxed wakefulness, rapid eye movement
97
how long is one sleep cycle?
90-100 mins
98
how many sleep cycles per night?
5
