Test Three Flashcards
learning
relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
associative learning
learning through association
classical conditioning
associations between two stimuli
operant conditioning
association between behavior and consequence
observational learning
watching a behavior and replicating it
classical learning
explains involuntary behavior
operant learning
explains voluntary behavior
generalization
respond similarily to different stimuli
discrimination
respond differently to similar stimuli
extinction
weakening of conditioned response and absence of unconditioned stimulus
B.F. Skinner
environment enforces of eliminates behavior/responses and consequences
consequences have what impact on behaviors?
they change the probablilty of its occurence
positive reinforcement
pleasant stimulus is added to increase the frequency of the behavior
negative reinforcement
unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase behavior
primary reinforcement
something that is inately satistifying
secondary reinforcement
satisfying through experience, token economy
Premack principle
high probability activity can serve as reinforcement for low probability activity
positive punishment
adding an unpleasant stimulus as a punishment to decrease behavior
negative punishment
pleasant stimulus is removed
observational learning
observing and imitating behavior
four processes in observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, reinforcement (ARRR)
attention
observer must recognize the distinct features of the modeled response
retention
code observation and put it into memory
reproduction
capable of producing the behavior
reinforcement
incentive for copying behavior
memory
retention of info or experience over time
sensory memory
detailed, held in sensory form, only held for a brief timee
rehearsal
concious repetition of info
chunking
group items by category
elaboration
create story or rhyme to remember
imagery
create a visual picture to remember
short term memory
limited duration (30 seconds), limited capacity (7 +-2 items)
long term
relatively permanent with unlimited capacity, where true learning occurs
retrieval
taking info out of storage
recall
retrieve previously learned infor without cues
recognition
identify or recognize the previously learned item (multiple choice)
echoic memory
auditory or sound
iconic memory
visual memory
serial position effect
tendency to remember the beginning and the end of a list, but nor as much as the middle
autobiographical memories
lifetime periods, personally affected, event specific
emotional memories
“flashbulb” memories traumatic events
decay theory
passage of time leads to forgetting
tip-of-the-tongue
can retrieve some info but not all
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
prospective memory content
what to do
prospective memory timing
when to do it
anterograde amnesia
inability to store new info and events
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember past events
evolutionary approach
instincts/patterms of behavior motivation
motivation
the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do
drive reduction theory
drive/want for something, needs/deprivation, homeostasis
optimum arousal theory
motivated to reach optimum state of alertness
cognitive approach
rationality, decision making
extrinsic motivation
external insentives
intrinsic motivation
self-determination, effort, challenge
social role theory
gender influences jobs, natural differences, gender roles and stereotypes
SRP Stage 1
Excitement
Excitement Stage
begins erotic response, several minutes to hours, increased blood flow to privates
SRP Stage 2
Plateau
SRP Stage 3
Orgasm
Plateau
continuation of arousal in first phase, increased blood pressure, breathing, pulse, physical responses finished
Orgasm
3-15 seconds, discharge of neuromuscular tension
how many patterns of orgasm do women and men have respectively?
women=3 men=1
SRP Stage 4
Resolution
Resolution
blood vessels normal, lasts several minutes to day
sexual scripts
stereotypes of how we act sexually
traditional religious script
only marital sex, sex is for reproduction and affection
romantic script
sex=love, acceptable no matter what
