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Microbiology > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lytic cycle

What does the host genome do in synthesis

A

Shut down , cells stops doing normal behavior

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2
Q

Genome of virus in
Synthesis

A

Directs all cell resources toward viral goal : viral progeny ( off spring )

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3
Q

2 main molecules types that must be produced during synthesis

A

Genome copes and proteins

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4
Q

What proteins are made during synthesis

A

Capsomeres ( this is where you see optional enzymes )

peplomers , matrix - if enveloped

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5
Q

Do living cells make + sense rna

A

No

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6
Q

What is the template starts of dna

A

T A C

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7
Q

What does thymine connect to

A

Adenine

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8
Q

What does guanine connect to

A

Cytosine

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9
Q

+sense strand of rna

A

AUG

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10
Q
  • sense strand of RNA
A

UAC

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11
Q

Peplomers have to go through a what to create the envelope later they don’t assemble

A

Membrane

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12
Q

Making rna

A

Transcription

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13
Q

Making proteins

A

Translation

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14
Q

RNA strand has to start with what to be read by RNA. ( start code )

A

AUG

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15
Q

Blocking from genome copies being made

A

Drug target : Nucleotide Analogues

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16
Q

Fast speed sloppy alows for mistakes

Fake nulclrtides drugs replace normal nucleotides in DNA ( roadblock )

Our cells are slow so wouldn’t happen to animal cells

A

Nucleotide analogues

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17
Q

Antiviral drugs attack ?

A

RNA dependent
RNA transcriptase blockers
( RNA viruses only )

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18
Q

Mulnupiravirmerck

A

Anti covid drug

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19
Q

Step 4
Viral parts are put together all virus types

A

Assembly ( maturation )

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20
Q

Capsomeres join to form capsid around genome

Genetic material inside capsid now nucleocapsid

A

Assembly

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21
Q

Capsomeres join to form capsid around genome

Genetic material inside capsid now nucleocapsid

A

Assembly

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22
Q

Peplomers go to a membrane will become enveloped later

A

During assembly

Enveloped only

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23
Q

Fats virus only

A

If Multiple proteins are made protease cuts proteins apart , fold them

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24
Q

Drug target for assembly

A

Protease inhibitors ( block the cutting aspect)

Ex hiv

Drug : plaxlovid

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25
Q

Drug target for assembly

A

Protease inhibitors ( block the cutting aspect)

Ex hiv

Drug : plaxlovid

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26
Q

Release

A

Host cell releases virus particles ( Virion )

Phages : host cell explodes (lysozyme released in cell )

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27
Q

Release

A

Host cell releases virus particles ( Virion )

Phages : host cell explodes (lysozyme released in cell )

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28
Q

Release in naked

A

2 exocytosis

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29
Q

Release in enveloped

A

Budding : process of getting enveloped

Virus must bud out of a membrane to gain envelope and peplomers

  • cell membrane
  • other membranes
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30
Q

Release other membranes

Exit cell by exocytosis after they bud through internal membrane

A

Nuclear
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum

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31
Q

Lysogenic life cycle

A

Step 1 and 2 no difference

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32
Q

Step 3 in Lysogenic

A

Incorporation

Viral genes : join host cell genome ( integrase )

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33
Q

Incoperated viral genes called

A

Pro virus , prophage if bacteriophage

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34
Q

Drug target for incorporation

A

Integrase inhibitors

If Integrase inhibitor than it used Integrase to make provirus

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35
Q

Integrase is used in which life cycle

A

Lysogenic

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36
Q

Incoperated virus is now called

A

Pro virus ( prophage )

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37
Q

Cant get rid in provirus stage , however you can suppress outbreaks by monitoring the following

A

Triggers that activate viral gene expression

Chemical , physical , emotional trauma

Age

Hormones ( pregnancy , steroid use, menstrual )

Other illnesses

Uv radiation ( sun poisoning )

AA Arginine ( Alcohol milk etc )

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38
Q

Lysine supplemts helps with

A

AA Arginine

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39
Q

Does HIV need triggers

A

No

40
Q

Step 4 for Lysogenic

A

No difference except uses pro viral DNA in situation no matter what genome type virus

41
Q

Latent

A

Triggered later

42
Q

Latent

A

Triggered later

43
Q

Persistent

A

Continuous release cell lives , low Level of cell particles , slow steady release , release particles while cells are alive

Ex aids

44
Q

Tumorformation cancer

A

Ocogene activation

45
Q

Infected cells with provirus get signals to keep producing that shouldn’t be you when you don’t need new cells

A

Leads to mass

46
Q

3 types of Lysogenic

A

Latent
Persistent
Tumor formation

47
Q

What works together to kill cancer cells

A

Macrophage and T cells

48
Q

Genetic changes disrupts normal control on cell reproduction and behavior

A

Cancer

49
Q

What’s pre existing

A

Proto oncogene

50
Q

Can cause cancer but acting good

A

Proto oncogene

51
Q

If Proto oncogene is activated ( takes at least 2 mutations ) becomes cumulative over time

A

Oncogene

52
Q

Act as Proto oncogene or as oncogenes

A

Viruses

53
Q

Genital warts and cervical cancer

A

Human papilloma Virus

54
Q

Liver cancer

A

Hepatitis B and C

55
Q

Co infection with malaria and Human Herpes Virus 4

A

Burkitts Lymphoma

56
Q

Human Herpes Virus 8 and Co infection with Kaposis Sarcoma

A

Kaposis Sarcoma

57
Q

Oncogenes that turn on and off

A

Tumor suppression
Apoptosis
Angiogenesis
Metastasis

58
Q

Normally On : Function to inhibit mitosis in abnormal cells

A

Tumor suppressor

59
Q

Tumor suppressor genes off

A

Becomes oncogene

60
Q

Normally on : function to cause abnormal cells to commit suicide

Programmed cell death

Important in fetal developing

A

Apoptosis

61
Q

Normally off

Function to growth of new blood vessels into mass of new cells

Increase mass cells if on as a oncogene

A

Angiogenesis

62
Q

Normally off

Function separation , spread of cells

Not needed in adults

A

Metastasis
Turns things malignant

63
Q

Need how many flipped Proto oncogenes to be adnormsl to developed cancer

A

2 with 2 mutations in eat to make 4

64
Q

Harmless no metastasis remove mass cancer gone surgery removal

A

Benign

65
Q

Removal of mass may take it away however it has spread so you can’t just take the mass out

A

Malignant

66
Q

Removal of mass may take it away however it has spread so you can’t just take the mass out

A
67
Q

Mad cow disease

Disease in cow w/ spong brain

A

Bourne spongiform encephalopathy

68
Q

Mad cow disease

Disease in cow w/ spong brain

A

Bourne spongiform encephalopathy

69
Q

Proteins infectious agent

A

Prion Disease

70
Q

Appearance of brain at autopsy

Plaques and spongy paces

A

Cows disease

71
Q

Appearance of brain at autopsy

Plaques and spongy paces

A

Cows disease

72
Q

How do cows infect humans

A

Protein rich supplements put in cows food

73
Q

How is this uncausal

A

Cows don’t eat animal bodies

74
Q

Prion disease

Disease of sheep

Scrape bodies raw on by rubbing against fences

Loss of strength and irratic

A

Scrapie

75
Q

1st human prion studied disease

A

Kuru

76
Q

Noble prize for medicine connected w scrapie

Fore tribe in New Guinea

A

Stanley pruisner

77
Q

Gradual loss of motor control and death

A

Kuru

78
Q

Introduce random variation through mutation

A

Variability

79
Q

Introduce random variation through mutation

A

Variability

80
Q

New combination of genes in individual in the the population

A

Recombination

81
Q

Eukaryotes variation also introduced by

A

Sex accomplishes reproduction and recombination

82
Q

Eukaryotes variation also introduced by

A

Sex accomplishes reproduction and recombination

83
Q

Does vertical gene transfer during reproduction allow for genetic variability

A

No

Cloning = no variability

84
Q

New gene combination in existing cells

A
85
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.

86
Q

3 types of horizontal gene transfer

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
87
Q

New DNA received will always _____ existing dna

A

Replace

88
Q

Old DNA will always be _____ which means broken down into individual nucleotide building blocks to be used again later

A

Recycled

89
Q

Bacteria replace what they have with the unknown new for recombination

Think the show let’s make a deal

Monomers reused

A

Results : new genes in a old cell

Helps bacteria maximize genetic variation

90
Q

Helps bacteria maximize genetic
Variation

Plasmids move freely into both ____ and ______

A

The genome , other plasmids

91
Q

Recombination more likely with abnormal _____ of plasmid genes

A

Excision

92
Q

More likely when plasmids pull out imperfectly ( abnormal excision ) take genes with them to another cell

A

Recombination

93
Q

Donor cells must be

A

Dead donor cell , DNA fragments in watery medium

94
Q

Recipient cell must be competent and same species unless

A

Plasmid absorbed

Absorbs random DNA bits

95
Q

What genes are gained by which cells

A

Replacement / recycling of homologous

Microbiology (7 decks)

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