TEST REVIEW- UNIT 1- chapter 5 & 8

Question 1

What is a monomer?

Answer 1

Single/individual unit

Question 2

What is a polymer?

Answer 2

Long chain of repeating (monomers) units

Question 3

What do enzymes end with?

Answer 3

-ase

Question 4

What are the polymers of carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Starch, glycogen, Cellulose, amylose, chitin

Question 5

What are polymers of lipids?

Answer 5

Lipids dont have polymers

Question 6

What is the protein monomer?

Answer 6

Amino acids

Question 7

What is different about amino acids?

Answer 7

They have different R groups

Question 8

Monomer of lipids

Answer 8

Glycerol, fatty acid, steroids

Question 9

Functions of protein are:

Answer 9

Structure
Function
Defense
Hormonal
Transport
Coordination

Question 10

What bonds hold proteins together?

Answer 10

A peptide bond

Question 11

What is the polymer of proteins

Answer 11

polypeptide

Question 12

What is the polymer of nucleic acids?

Answer 12

Polynucleotide

Question 13

/What are the steps of tertiary structure of protein conformation?

Answer 13

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quatenary

Question 14

What is primary structure of protein conformation?

Answer 14

Are the linear sequence of amino acids
Structure is determined by amino acid sequence
— constructed by peptide bonds

Question 15

What stage of protein confirmation cannot be further broken down?

Answer 15

— the stage where nothing can be further broken down is the primary structure. Cannot break down he covalent bonds

Question 16

Explain secondary structure/step of protein confirmation

Answer 16

Results from hydrogen bonding along polypeptide backbone
—this hydrogen bonding results in alpha (HELIX) and beta (PLEATED) sheets.

Question 17

Sickle cell anemia results from a mutation that replaces glutamic acid residue with which of the following?

Arraigning
Asparagine
Lysine
Glutamine
Aspartic Acid

Answer 17

Lysine
Explanation- single amino acid substitution from glutamic acid to lysine is responsible for sickle cell anemia.

Question 18

What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 18

Mutation that occurs in gene that codes for hemoglobin and causes misfolding that results into lower oxygen affinity. Crescent shape

Question 19

The __________ structure of protein corresponds to linear order of amino acids in given polypeptide chain.

Answer 19

Primary

Question 20

When protein is transferred to a solution with a pH lower than its optimal range, which of the levels of protein structure is/can be affected?

Answer 20

Secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

Question 21

What is the most important stage of protein confirmation?

Answer 21

Primary

Question 22

The formation of peptide bond is example of what type of reaction?

Answer 22

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Condensation reaction
— when two amino acids come together, a water molecule is let go

Question 23

Which level of protein structure is affected by sickle cell anemia?

Answer 23

Primary

Question 24

Explains the tertiary structure of protein confirmation…

Answer 24

Stage where the
OVERALL 3-D STRUCTURE OF POLYPEPTIDE IS FORMED. This is due to interactions between R groups of amino acids that make up proteins

Question 25

Explain the quaternary stage of protein confirmation…

Answer 25

The association of several protein/polypeptide subunits are closely packed to form a larger structure.
Forms function of protein
SUBUNITS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS AND VAN DER WALLS BETWEEN NON-POLAR SIDE CHAINS

Question 26

Example of proteins with quaternary structure:

Answer 26

Hemoglobin, DNA< polymerase, ribosomes, antibodies

Question 27

All enzymes end in -ase. What is the exception?

Answer 27

Trypsin and pepsin enzymes have protein ending -in

Question 28

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Answer 28

Temperature, pH, salinity (salt concentration), concentration (of substrate or enzyme)

Question 29

What happens to enzyme activity if there is more enzyme concentration?

Answer 29

Increase enzyme concentration===== speeds up reaction only until saturation

Question 30

What is (point of) saturation?

Answer 30

When all active sites of an enzyme are occupied.

THE POINT WHEN MORE SUBSTRATE WILL NOT INCREASE RATE OF REACTION

There are concentration of substrates and enzymes, the substrates try to find active sites to fit into. Once all active sites are filled up, that is point os saturation.

Question 31

What is activation energy?

Answer 31

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Question 32

What role do catalysts have in rate of reaction?

Answer 32

Most enzymes catalyze in one direction
CATALYSTS SPEED UP REACTIONS BY LOWERING AMOUNT OF ACTIVATION ENERGY

Question 33

What is a substrate?

Answer 33

Substance on which enzymes react

Question 34

How many substrates can an enzyme fit?

Answer 34

1 substrate per enzyme

Question 35

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 35

Part of enzyme to which substrate bind and where reaction is catalyzed

Question 36

What is induced fit?

Answer 36

When enzyme and substrate collides- the enzyme squeezes to get as close to the substrate as possible.
—WHEN THEY GET CLOSE, atoms alter bonds

Question 37

What does induced fit have to do with activation energy?

Answer 37

When enzyme and substrate are healed close together and squeeze, it takes less energy to overcome a bond and break it.