TEST REVIEW- Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4- Unit 1 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of life? All living things:
- made of cells
- Reproduce
- use energy
- respond to environment/stimulus
- populations evolve and adapt
- maintain homeostasis
- contain heredity (DNA)- inheritance of Genes
- growth and development
What are the levels of biological organization? Smallest to largest:
- Molecule
- organelles
- cell
- tissues
- Organ
- Organisms
- Population
- Communities
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
What is a molecule?
chemical structure made up of atoms
What is an organelle
the functional stuff in the cell
What are tissues?
Group of cells
What is an organ?
Body part made up of tissues with a specific function
What is an organ system?
Organs working together
What are organisms?
Individual living things
What is a population?
all individual species living in a specific area
Wat is a community?
Organisms inhabiting an ecosystem?
What is an ecosystem?
All living and nonliving things in an area
What are emergent properties?
Properties that are introduced when going up the hierarchy of life. As complexity increases, there is more interaction.
What is the role of systems biology?
scientists model behavior of biological systems by studying interactions
What is common in all organisms in the world?
the structure and function of DNA
all life has same genetic code but different nucleotide sequence
What is the a controlled group?
A group matched with experimental group.
- tests experimental and control groups in parallel.
How do producers produce energy? Give an example.
- convert energy from sunlight to chemical energy
- Main source of energy for producers is light energy
- a plant gets energy from light and performs photosynthesis
How do organisms interact with environment?
BY exchanging matter.
Plants chloroplast converts energy of sunlight into potential energy.
What is evolution?
Concept that the organisms living have a common ancestor
What are the domains of life?
1) bacteria
2) archea
3) eukarya
What is descent with modification?
traits are passed down from generation to generation and sometimes undergo changes or modifications over time.
Explain Natural selection…
- Phenomena created by Charles Darwin
- Evolutionary process
- at random, organisms with favorite traits will live long enough to reproduce.
What are the two types of cells? Define them, give 1 example
Prokaryotic - - single celled organism, - doesn't have a nucleus and other organelles, - doesn't have membranes (bound organelles). - EX: Bacteria Eukaryotic- - multicellular organisms - contain nucleus - contain membrane-bound organelles - EX: Animalia, Fungi, Plantae
What is the independent variable? Where is it located on a graph?
y-axis
- variable that is changed
- EX: amount of water in diff pots, drops of acid in a solution
What is the dependent variable? Where is it located on a graph?
- the change that happens from testing different things (change that happens from independent variable)
- x-axis
- EX: how much a plant grows, the change in pH
Explain structure and function.
You can observe the structure and infer the function based on shape.
- KNOW THE STRUCTURE, INFER THE FUNCTION
EX: birds wings, we can infer the function of birds wings
What is a hypothesis?
Narrow in scope
- testable
- proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
What is control factor?
- the factor that remains unchanged
Qualitative vs quantitative data?
Qualitative- recorded descriptions (NO NUMBERS)
quantitative- expressed as numerical measurements
What is a theory?
Broad explanation that is support by a large body of evidence
always true
How do you calculate mean, median, mode
mean- avg- add up all of the data points and divide by the # of data points
median- middle number- put all data points from least to greatest and cross off
How do you calculate mean, median, mode, range
mean- avg- add up all of the data points and divide by the # of data points
median- middle number- put all data points from least to greatest and cross off- if there’s two, add and divide by two
mode- value that occurs most often
range- highest value – lowest value
How do you calculate change in pH?
Final pH – initial pH
What are the components of an atom? What charges do they have?
Protons +
Neutrons N (0)
Electrons –
Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
What are isotopes
Atomic form with same number of protons but diff neutrons
What is a radioactive isotope?
isotope that is unstable. As the nucleus decays, they give off particles and energy.
What happens when radioactive decay occurs?
They loose protons, transforming atom an an atom of another element
How many electrons can go in each orbital?
1st orbital- 2 electrons
2nd- 8
3rd- 8
Why do atoms bond?
so they can fill their valence and be stable
How do you know which electrons posses the greatest amount of energy?
The ones farther away from the nucleus takes more energy to hold onto the electrons.
- all in the outermost shell
How does an anion form?
When ionic bonding occurs, an atom receives an electron from another element to complete its shell. IT HAS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS. Changes to a negative charge.
How does an cation form?
When an atom gives a electron to another atom for it to complete its shell, the one that gave it lost an electron, so it has more protons making it have a positive charge.
How can you describe/how do you know when a chemical reaction has reached equilibrium?
the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
The reactivity o an atom arises from…
The existence of unpaired electrons in valence shell
How can electrons move energy levels?
Electrons in one shell need to absorb a certain amount of energy to move to a pull away from the nucleus.
it takes more energy to pull farther away from nucleus
electrons give off same energy when they go back down levels
What is electronegativity
attraction of an atom for electrons of a covalent bond
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
covalent bond which ELECTRONS are shared EQUALLY between 2 atoms with the SAME ELECTRONEGATIVITY
What is a polar covalent bond?
bond between atoms that have DIFFERENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY. SHARED ELECTRONS ARE PULLED CLOSER TO MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM MAKING IT MORE NEGATIVE THAN OTHER ATOM.
Name the 5 types of bonds
covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Hydrophobic bond van der waals
What does intramolecular mean? What bonds are intramolecular?
bonds within the molecule
- covalent
- ionic
What does intermolecular mean? What bonds are intermolecular?
Bonds between two molecules
- hydrogen
- hydrophobic
- van der waals
What is an ionic bond?
when electrons are lost of gained
- non metal and meta
- NaCL
What is a covalent bond?
when electron PAIRS are shared
each line – represents a pair of electrons
EX: = shows 4 electrons being shared
what is hydrogen bonding?
attraction between a hydrogen atom in one polar molecule (as of water) and a small electronegative atom (as of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in usually another molecule of the same or a different polar substance
What is hydrophobic? What is a result of a hydrophobic bond?
water fearing
compounds that don’t like water
- molecules/compounds will get together and pack together
EX; oil molecules get together and forma droplet cuz its hydrophobic to water
EX; Basileus lizard can run on water
What is a compound?
2 or more different atoms (different elements)
- 2 different or 2 same
- compound is ALWAYS A MOLECULE
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms chemically joined- 2 same or 2 diff
what is an element?
substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means
- elements consist of atoms- basic thing of life
What are atoms?
basic thing of what everything is made up of
- representative of elements
Which elements are the most electronegative?
fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen
What are the uses of isotopes?
- to find the half life- amnt it takes for 50% of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay.
- radiometric dating- see the age of fossils ad rocks
- diagnostic medicine- PET scans
Why are buffers important to organisms?
bcuz they help regulate pH
What is the difference between an orbital and valence?
- orbitals are the 3d rings/circles that surround the nucleus and contain all shells and all electrons.
- Valence is the last shell/ring or last orbital
- the valence shell only contains electrons in that level
Define hydrophilic. Give example of hydrophobic and philic
Hydrophilic is water loving.- xylem walls or paper towel absorb water
- phobic- oil in water. oil is not attracted to water molecules so they from droplets and oil gathers on surface.
What is an isomer?
compounds with same molecular formula b diff structural formula
What are the 3 isomers?
structural
geometric (cis trans)
optical
What is a structural isomer?
vary in structure of atoms (in covalent arrangements)
- same bonds and atoms, just different structure of it
What is a geometric isomer?
vary in arrangement around a double bond
- right hand, left hand
cis- same side
trans- alternate
What is optical isomer? another name is?
- enantiomers
- vary in spatial arrangement around asymmetric carbon
Asymmetric carbon is…
carbons bonded with 4 different groups of atoms
How is carbon so versatile?
bonding capacity of 4
can bond 4 diff atoms
What does organic mean
something that contains carbon
what is a hydrocarbon
molecule containing ONLY C and H
Glucose is an example of…
monomer- a single unit
what is a functional group
regions of organic molecule most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Name the 7 functional groups, their group name, and compounds that associate with it
-OH - hydroxyl - alcohols
-PO4 - phosphate - organic phosphate
-C=O - carbonyl - ketone
-C=O - carbonyl- aldehyde
\
H
-COOH - carboxyl- carboxylic acid
- CH3 - methyl - fuel
- SH - sulfhydryl - thiols
-NH2 - amino- amines
Which compound of functional group can dissolve water?
alcohol- hydroxyl
Which compound of functional group is hydrophobic?
methyl- CH3
Which compound of a functional group plays a major role in energy transfer?
PO4 – Phosphate — organic phosphate
Which compound of functional group can be used as a base?
NH2- amines- amino
Which compound of functional group is an acid?
COOH- carboxyl- carboxylic acid
What are the properties of water? Explain Why. Give 1 example
- cohesiveness- molecules stick/cling to each other. Because of hydrogen bonds, water is polar and attracts of more electronegative oxygen, so it sticks.
- xylem walls absorb water, resist gravity, and produce chains of water and transport water within the plant. Beads - High specific heat- takes more heat for 1g of water to go up 1+celcius.
- water stabilizes air temp by absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing cooler stored air. How ocean temps and coast is regulated in temperature.
- Powerful solvent
- can break down many compounds
- bcuz water is polar. It has + and – oxygen end. so it attracts the charged polar substances and clashes.
- EX: Kidneys and body fluids
- Less dense when a solid
- when water freezes, the hydrogen bonds expand. As it expands, more hydrogen bonds are created. Because of expansion, causes the ice to float and rise to surface.
- Water dissociation
- water disassociates into H and OH
How can you tell if something is acidic?
more H+ in a solution and a lower pH
How can you tell if something is basic?
higher pH and more OH- in solution and less H+
What is sequence of scientific method process?
- identify a problem
- indirect observation (research)
- form a hypothesis
- test hypothesis
- record and analyze data
- draw conclusion
- repeat experiment
what is logic of scientific inquiry?
If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results
