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AP BIO- 11 > TEST REVIEW- Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4- Unit 1 > Flashcards

TEST REVIEW- Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4- Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of life? All living things:

A
  1. made of cells
  2. Reproduce
  3. use energy
  4. respond to environment/stimulus
  5. populations evolve and adapt
  6. maintain homeostasis
  7. contain heredity (DNA)- inheritance of Genes
  8. growth and development
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2
Q

What are the levels of biological organization? Smallest to largest:

A
  1. Molecule
  2. organelles
  3. cell
  4. tissues
  5. Organ
  6. Organisms
  7. Population
  8. Communities
  9. Ecosystem
  10. Biosphere
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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

chemical structure made up of atoms

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4
Q

What is an organelle

A

the functional stuff in the cell

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5
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells

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6
Q

What is an organ?

A

Body part made up of tissues with a specific function

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7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Organs working together

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8
Q

What are organisms?

A

Individual living things

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9
Q

What is a population?

A

all individual species living in a specific area

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10
Q

Wat is a community?

A

Organisms inhabiting an ecosystem?

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11
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All living and nonliving things in an area

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12
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Properties that are introduced when going up the hierarchy of life. As complexity increases, there is more interaction.

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13
Q

What is the role of systems biology?

A

scientists model behavior of biological systems by studying interactions

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14
Q

What is common in all organisms in the world?

A

the structure and function of DNA

all life has same genetic code but different nucleotide sequence

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15
Q

What is the a controlled group?

A

A group matched with experimental group.

- tests experimental and control groups in parallel.

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16
Q

How do producers produce energy? Give an example.

A
  • convert energy from sunlight to chemical energy
  • Main source of energy for producers is light energy
  • a plant gets energy from light and performs photosynthesis
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17
Q

How do organisms interact with environment?

A

BY exchanging matter.

Plants chloroplast converts energy of sunlight into potential energy.

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18
Q

What is evolution?

A

Concept that the organisms living have a common ancestor

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19
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

1) bacteria
2) archea
3) eukarya

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20
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

traits are passed down from generation to generation and sometimes undergo changes or modifications over time.

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21
Q

Explain Natural selection…

A
  • Phenomena created by Charles Darwin
  • Evolutionary process
  • at random, organisms with favorite traits will live long enough to reproduce.
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22
Q

What are the two types of cells? Define them, give 1 example

A 
Prokaryotic - 
- single celled organism, 
- doesn't have a nucleus and other organelles, 
- doesn't have membranes (bound organelles).
- EX: Bacteria
Eukaryotic- 
- multicellular organisms
- contain nucleus
- contain membrane-bound organelles
- EX: Animalia, Fungi, Plantae
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23
Q

What is the independent variable? Where is it located on a graph?

A

y-axis

  • variable that is changed
  • EX: amount of water in diff pots, drops of acid in a solution
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24
Q

What is the dependent variable? Where is it located on a graph?

A
  • the change that happens from testing different things (change that happens from independent variable)
  • x-axis
  • EX: how much a plant grows, the change in pH
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25
Q

Explain structure and function.

A

You can observe the structure and infer the function based on shape.
- KNOW THE STRUCTURE, INFER THE FUNCTION
EX: birds wings, we can infer the function of birds wings

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26
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Narrow in scope

  • testable
  • proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
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27
Q

What is control factor?

A
  • the factor that remains unchanged
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28
Q

Qualitative vs quantitative data?

A

Qualitative- recorded descriptions (NO NUMBERS)

quantitative- expressed as numerical measurements

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29
Q

What is a theory?

A

Broad explanation that is support by a large body of evidence
always true

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30
Q

How do you calculate mean, median, mode

A

mean- avg- add up all of the data points and divide by the # of data points
median- middle number- put all data points from least to greatest and cross off

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31
Q

How do you calculate mean, median, mode, range

A

mean- avg- add up all of the data points and divide by the # of data points
median- middle number- put all data points from least to greatest and cross off- if there’s two, add and divide by two
mode- value that occurs most often
range- highest value – lowest value

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32
Q

How do you calculate change in pH?

A

Final pH – initial pH

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33
Q

What are the components of an atom? What charges do they have?

A

Protons +
Neutrons N (0)
Electrons –

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34
Q

Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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35
Q

What are isotopes

A

Atomic form with same number of protons but diff neutrons

36
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

isotope that is unstable. As the nucleus decays, they give off particles and energy.

37
Q

What happens when radioactive decay occurs?

A

They loose protons, transforming atom an an atom of another element

38
Q

How many electrons can go in each orbital?

A

1st orbital- 2 electrons
2nd- 8
3rd- 8

39
Q

Why do atoms bond?

A

so they can fill their valence and be stable

40
Q

How do you know which electrons posses the greatest amount of energy?

A

The ones farther away from the nucleus takes more energy to hold onto the electrons.
- all in the outermost shell

41
Q

How does an anion form?

A

When ionic bonding occurs, an atom receives an electron from another element to complete its shell. IT HAS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS. Changes to a negative charge.

42
Q

How does an cation form?

A

When an atom gives a electron to another atom for it to complete its shell, the one that gave it lost an electron, so it has more protons making it have a positive charge.

43
Q

How can you describe/how do you know when a chemical reaction has reached equilibrium?

A

the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

44
Q

The reactivity o an atom arises from…

A

The existence of unpaired electrons in valence shell

45
Q

How can electrons move energy levels?

A

Electrons in one shell need to absorb a certain amount of energy to move to a pull away from the nucleus.
it takes more energy to pull farther away from nucleus
electrons give off same energy when they go back down levels

46
Q

What is electronegativity

A

attraction of an atom for electrons of a covalent bond

47
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

covalent bond which ELECTRONS are shared EQUALLY between 2 atoms with the SAME ELECTRONEGATIVITY

48
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

bond between atoms that have DIFFERENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY. SHARED ELECTRONS ARE PULLED CLOSER TO MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM MAKING IT MORE NEGATIVE THAN OTHER ATOM.

49
Q

Name the 5 types of bonds

A 
covalent bond
ionic bond
hydrogen bond
Hydrophobic bond
van der waals
50
Q

What does intramolecular mean? What bonds are intramolecular?

A

bonds within the molecule

  • covalent
  • ionic
51
Q

What does intermolecular mean? What bonds are intermolecular?

A

Bonds between two molecules

  • hydrogen
  • hydrophobic
  • van der waals
52
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

when electrons are lost of gained

  • non metal and meta
  • NaCL
53
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when electron PAIRS are shared
each line – represents a pair of electrons
EX: = shows 4 electrons being shared

54
Q

what is hydrogen bonding?

A

attraction between a hydrogen atom in one polar molecule (as of water) and a small electronegative atom (as of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in usually another molecule of the same or a different polar substance

55
Q

What is hydrophobic? What is a result of a hydrophobic bond?

A

water fearing
compounds that don’t like water
- molecules/compounds will get together and pack together
EX; oil molecules get together and forma droplet cuz its hydrophobic to water
EX; Basileus lizard can run on water

56
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more different atoms (different elements)

  • 2 different or 2 same
  • compound is ALWAYS A MOLECULE
57
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms chemically joined- 2 same or 2 diff

58
Q

what is an element?

A

substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means

- elements consist of atoms- basic thing of life

59
Q

What are atoms?

A

basic thing of what everything is made up of

- representative of elements

60
Q

Which elements are the most electronegative?

A

fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

61
Q

What are the uses of isotopes?

A
  • to find the half life- amnt it takes for 50% of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay.
  • radiometric dating- see the age of fossils ad rocks
  • diagnostic medicine- PET scans
62
Q

Why are buffers important to organisms?

A

bcuz they help regulate pH

63
Q

What is the difference between an orbital and valence?

A
  • orbitals are the 3d rings/circles that surround the nucleus and contain all shells and all electrons.
  • Valence is the last shell/ring or last orbital
    • the valence shell only contains electrons in that level
64
Q

Define hydrophilic. Give example of hydrophobic and philic

A

Hydrophilic is water loving.- xylem walls or paper towel absorb water
- phobic- oil in water. oil is not attracted to water molecules so they from droplets and oil gathers on surface.

65
Q

What is an isomer?

A

compounds with same molecular formula b diff structural formula

66
Q

What are the 3 isomers?

A

structural
geometric (cis trans)
optical

67
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

vary in structure of atoms (in covalent arrangements)

- same bonds and atoms, just different structure of it

68
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

vary in arrangement around a double bond
- right hand, left hand
cis- same side
trans- alternate

69
Q

What is optical isomer? another name is?

A
  • enantiomers

- vary in spatial arrangement around asymmetric carbon

70
Q

Asymmetric carbon is…

A

carbons bonded with 4 different groups of atoms

71
Q

How is carbon so versatile?

A

bonding capacity of 4

can bond 4 diff atoms

72
Q

What does organic mean

A

something that contains carbon

73
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

molecule containing ONLY C and H

74
Q

Glucose is an example of…

A

monomer- a single unit

75
Q

what is a functional group

A

regions of organic molecule most commonly involved in chemical reactions

76
Q

Name the 7 functional groups, their group name, and compounds that associate with it

A

-OH - hydroxyl - alcohols
-PO4 - phosphate - organic phosphate
-C=O - carbonyl - ketone
-C=O - carbonyl- aldehyde
\
H
-COOH - carboxyl- carboxylic acid
- CH3 - methyl - fuel
- SH - sulfhydryl - thiols
-NH2 - amino- amines

77
Q

Which compound of functional group can dissolve water?

A

alcohol- hydroxyl

78
Q

Which compound of functional group is hydrophobic?

A

methyl- CH3

79
Q

Which compound of a functional group plays a major role in energy transfer?

A

PO4 – Phosphate — organic phosphate

80
Q

Which compound of functional group can be used as a base?

A

NH2- amines- amino

81
Q

Which compound of functional group is an acid?

A

COOH- carboxyl- carboxylic acid

82
Q

What are the properties of water? Explain Why. Give 1 example

A
  1. cohesiveness- molecules stick/cling to each other. Because of hydrogen bonds, water is polar and attracts of more electronegative oxygen, so it sticks.
    - xylem walls absorb water, resist gravity, and produce chains of water and transport water within the plant. Beads
  2. High specific heat- takes more heat for 1g of water to go up 1+celcius.
    • water stabilizes air temp by absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing cooler stored air. How ocean temps and coast is regulated in temperature.
  3. Powerful solvent
    • can break down many compounds
    • bcuz water is polar. It has + and – oxygen end. so it attracts the charged polar substances and clashes.
    • EX: Kidneys and body fluids
  4. Less dense when a solid
    • when water freezes, the hydrogen bonds expand. As it expands, more hydrogen bonds are created. Because of expansion, causes the ice to float and rise to surface.
  5. Water dissociation
    • water disassociates into H and OH
83
Q

How can you tell if something is acidic?

A

more H+ in a solution and a lower pH

84
Q

How can you tell if something is basic?

A

higher pH and more OH- in solution and less H+

85
Q

What is sequence of scientific method process?

A
  • identify a problem
  • indirect observation (research)
  • form a hypothesis
  • test hypothesis
  • record and analyze data
  • draw conclusion
  • repeat experiment
86
Q

what is logic of scientific inquiry?

A

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results

AP BIO- 11 (5 decks)

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