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Abdomen Section 2 > test review reverse > Flashcards

test review reverse Flashcards

1
Q

reverse

Falciform Ligament

ligamentum teres

ligamentum venosum

coronary ligament

A

ligaments

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2
Q

reverse

extends from umbilicus to the diaphragm in parasagittal plane

contains the ligamentum teres

anteriorposterior axis extendes from right rectus muscle to bare area

echogencis reflections contintribute to hepatic ligament and attach to undersurface of diaphragm

A

Falciform ligament

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3
Q

reverse

appears as a bright echogenic focus as the termination of the falciform ligament

separates the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe

Usually appears triangularly on images

A

ligamentum teres

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4
Q

reverse

separates the left and caudate lobes of the liver

seen just inferior to the dome as a linear horizontal line

A

ligamentum venosum

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5
Q

reverse

The wide coronary ligament connects the central superior portion of the liver to the diaphragm.

Located on the lateral borders of the left and right lobes, respectively, the left and right triangular ligaments connect the superior ends of the liver to the diaphragm

A

Coronary ligament

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6
Q

reverse

Main lobar

Right intersegmental fissure

Left intersegmental fissure

A

Fissures of the liver

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7
Q

reverse

divides the left and right lobes

hyperechoic line extending from portal vein to neck of GB

A

Main Lobar Fissure

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8
Q

reverse

Divides right lobe into anterior and posterior segments.
Identified by right hepatic vein

A

Right intersegmental fissure

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9
Q

reverse

Divides left lobe into medial and lateral segments.
Identified bt left hepatic vein

A

Left intersegmental fissure

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10
Q

reverse

Alkaline Phosphatase

Alanine Aminotransferas

Aspartate Aminotransferase

Lactic Acid dehydrogenase

Bilirubin (direct, indirect and total)

Prothrombin Time

Albumin

Globulins

A

Liver function tests

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11
Q

reverse

Enzyme produced primarily by liver, bone and placenta.

elevation related to

higher in obstruction

hepatic matastasis

hepatitis

lymphoma

cholestasis secondary to drugs

cirrhosis

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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12
Q

reverse

More specific than AST

slightly elevated in acute cirrhosis, hepatic metastasis, pancreeatitis

mild to moderate increase in obstructive jaundice,

moderate to high increase in hepatocelluar disease and infectious or toxic hepatitis

AST is higher in alcoholic hepatitis

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

ALT

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13
Q

reverse

An enzyme present in many tissues that have high metabolic rate

released when cells are injured or damaged

released in abnormally high levels

Elevation associated with cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, hepatic necrosis and mononucleosis

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase

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14
Q

reverse

found in tissues of several systems

cellular injury and death cause enzyme to be released

moderate increase for mononucleosis

mildly elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice

primary use in detecting myocardial or pulmonary infarction

A

Lactic Acid dehydrogenase

LDH

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15
Q

reverse

product of breakdown of hemoglobin in old RBC’s

liver converts to bile pigments secreted by liver cells into bile ducts

rise in serum leaks and gives skin a jaundices or yellow coloration

A

bilirubin

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16
Q

reverse

rise in this test is seen with increased RBC destruction

(anemias, trauma from hematoma or hemorrhagic pulmonary infarct)

A

indirect bilirubin

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17
Q

reverse

product circulates in the bolld and is excreted into the bile after reaching the liver

conjugated with glucuronide

elevatoin usually related to obstructive jaundice (stones or neoplasm)

increase is more in hepatatic metastasis, hepatitis, lymphoma, cholestasis, secondary to drugs and cirrhosis

A

direct bilirubin test

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18
Q

reverse

liver enzyme part of blood clotting mechaniam

productoin depends on adequate intake and use of vitamin K

increases in presence of liver disease with cellular damage

cirrhosis and metatasitc disease casue prolonged time

A

prothrombin time

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19
Q

reverse

sensitive test for metabolic derangement of liver

low results suggest decreased protein synthesis in hepatocellular damaged patients

A

Albumin

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20
Q

reverse

common elevation in chronic liver disease

A

globulins

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21
Q

reverse

inherited characterized by abnormal storage and accumulation of glycongen in tissues (liver, kidneys)

six categories divided based on clinical symptoms and specific enzyme defects

most common type I or von Gierke’s disease

A

Glycongen Storage disease

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22
Q

reverse

glycongen storage disease in chich abnormally large amounts of glycogne are deposited in the liver and kidneys

A

type I or von Gierke’s disease

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23
Q

reverse

present with hepatomegaly,

increased echogenicity

slightly increased attenuatoin (similar to fatty infiltrate)

associated with hepatic adenomas, focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatomegaly

adenoma presents as well demarcated round homogeneous echogenic tumors

if tumor is large in may be slightly inhomogeneous

A

sonographic appearance of glycogen storage dsease

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24
Q

reverse

Cavernouse hemagioma

LIver cell adenoma

focal nodule hyperplasia

hepatic cystadenoma

A

benign liver tumors

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25
Q

reverse

binign congenital tumor consisting of large blood filled cystic spaces

most common benign tumor of liver

more frequently in females

usually asymptomatic, may bleed causing RUQ pain.

enlarge slowly and undergo degeneration, fibrosis and calcification

found in hepatic parenchyma or in posterior RL more than LL

A

Cavernous Hemagioma

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26
Q

reverse

tumor of the glandular epithelium in which cells are arranged in recognizable glandular structure

normal or slightly atypical hepatocytes, frequently containing areas of bile stasis, focal hemorrhage or necrosis

lesion found more in women and related to oral contraceptive use

presents iwth RUQ pain secondary to rupture with bleeding

increased in type I glycogen storage disease

A

Liver Cell Adenoma

27
Q

reverse

second most common benign liver mass

thought to arise from developmental hyperplastic lesions related to an area of congenital vascular formatoin

typically one well circumscribed lesion but may be more than one mass, many located alond subcapsular area of liver, may be pedunculated and have central scar

consists of normal hepatocytes, kupffer cells, bile duct elements, fibrous connective tissue bands of fibrous tissue separate the nodules

A

focal nodule hyperplasia

28
Q

reverse

found in women under 40

asymptomatic

more in RL

A

focal nodular hyperplasia

29
Q

reverse

contains cystic structures within the lesoin

rare neoplasm occuring in middle aged women

most have palpable abdominal mass

A

hepatic cystadenoma

30
Q

reverse

Bilobed gallbladder

Septated gallbladder

Phrygian cap

Hartmann pouch

Junctional fold

A

Normal variants of the Gallbladder

31
Q

reverse

Hourglass appearance

A

Bilobed gallbladder

32
Q

reverse

Appear as thin separations within the gallbladder

A

Septated gallbladder

33
Q

reverse

Gallbladder fundus is folded onto itself

A

Phrygian cap

34
Q

reverse

Outpouching of gallbladder neck

A

Hartmann pouch

35
Q

reverse

Prominent fold located at the junction of the gallbladder neck

A

Junctional fold

36
Q

reverse

—Size is variable,

but approx 7-10cm in length and 2.5-4cm in width

A

Gallbladder size

37
Q

reverse

—in the neck keeps the cystic duct from kinking

A

Heister’s valves function

38
Q

reverse

—Consists of the right and left hepatic duct,

common hepatic duct,

common bile duct,

pear shaped gallbladder,

and cystic duct

A

Anatomy of the Bile Ducts

39
Q

reverse

—come from the right lobe of the liver in the Porta hepatis and unite to form the CHD

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

40
Q

reverse

approx 4mm in diameter, joins the cystic duct(draining the gallbladder) and is now called the CBD

A

Common Hepatic Duct

41
Q

reverse

by piercing into the wall of the duodenum where is joins the main pancreatic duct and together, they open into the duodenum through a small opening called the ampulla of Vater

A

CBD ends

42
Q

reverse

—lies lateral to the hepatic artery and anterior to the portal vein (left ear of Mickey Mouse)

A

CBD (prox portion) location

43
Q

reverse

6mm < 60yrs of age

increase 1mm per 10 yrs of aging

A

CBD measurement

44
Q

reverse

approx 4 cm long,

connects the neck of the gallbladder to the CHD to form the CBD

normally not seen by ultrasound

A

Cystic Duct-

45
Q

bililrubin mild to severe increase

A

hepatocellular disease

46
Q

serum albumin

decreased

A

hepatocellular disease

47
Q

AST

moderate to severe increase

A

hepatocellular disease

48
Q

ALT

moderate to severe increase

A

hepatocellular disease

49
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase

minimal to moderate increase

A

hepatocellular disease

50
Q

bilirubin

severe increase

A

obstruction

51
Q

albumin

normal

A

obstruction

52
Q

AST

mild increase

A

obstruction

53
Q

ALT

mild increase

A

obstruction

54
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

severe increase

A

obstruction

55
Q

normnal measurement

4mm

A

Common Hepatic Duct

56
Q

tumor at the bifurcatoin of the hepatic ducts

may cause asymmetric obstruction of the biliary tree

A

Klatskin’s tumor

57
Q

uncommon cause for extrahepatic biliary obstruction resulitng from an impacted stone in cystic duct

A

Mirizzi sundrome

58
Q

normal to increased hepatic enzymes

increased ALK phosphatase

increased birect bilirubin

A

Fatty infiltrate liver

59
Q

increased AST

increased ALT

increased bilirubin

leukopenia

A

Acute hepatitis

60
Q

increased AST

increased ALT

increased bilirubin

leukopenia

A

Chronic hepatitis

61
Q

increased Alk Phos

increased direct bilirubin

increased AST

increased ALT

leukopenia

A

Cirrhosis

62
Q

disturbance of acid-base balance

A

Glycogen storage disease

63
Q

increase iron levels in blood

A

hemochromatosis

Abdomen Section 2 (8 decks)

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