Liver pthology power point reverse

Question 1

affects the hepatocytes and interferes with liver function

Answer 1

Diffuse Liver Disease

Question 2

—Fatty Liver Disease
—Hepatitis
—Cirrhosis
—Portal Hypertension
—Portal vein thrombosis
—Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Answer 2

Diffuse Liver Diseases

Question 3

—An acquired and reversible disease
—Benign
—Increased lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes leading to impaired or excessive metabolism of fat

Answer 3

Fatty Infiltrate

Question 4

—Asymptomatic
—Alcohol abuse
—Chemotherapy
—Diabetes mellitus
—Elevated liver function test
—Obesity
—Pregnancy

Answer 4

Clinical findings of Fatty Liver Disease

Question 5

—Diffusely echogenic liver
—Liver may appear patchy, inhomogenous due to focal sparing
—Liver is enlarged(hepatomegaly)
—Increased attenuation of the sound beam
—Walls of the hepatic vasculature and diaphragm will not be easily imaged(secondary to increased attenuation)
—Compare the echogenicity of the right kidney to the liver.

Answer 5

Sonograhic findings of Fatty Liver Disease

Question 6

—Adjacent to the gallbladder
—Near the porta hepatis
—Entire medial segment of the left lobe
—Can appear much like pericholecystic fluid when seen adjacent to the gallbladder

Answer 6

Locations for Focal Fatty Sparing

Question 7

—Broadly defined as inflammation of the liver
—Contracted through contact with fecal matter,contaminated food, body fluids, and blood.
—Acute and Chronic
—Results from infection by a group of viruses that specifically target the hepatocytes

Answer 7

Hepatitis

Question 8

—Hep A(HAV)
—Hep B(HBV)
—Hep C(HCV)

Hep D (HDV)

Hep E (HEV)

Hep (HGV)

Answer 8

Hepatitis types

Question 9

viral, spread primarily by feces since the virus lives in the alimentary tract. Found worldwide, accounts for 20% of cases. Acute
—

Answer 9

—Hep A(HAV)

Question 10

— viral, spread by transfusions of infected blood or plasma or through contaminated needles. Can also be transmitted from body fluids. Greatest risk for Health Care workers, accounts for 60% of cases
—

Answer 10

—Hep B(HBV)

Question 11

viral, diagnosed by the presence in blood of the antibody to HCV. Seen mostly in Italy and other Mediterranean countries

Answer 11

—Hep C(HCV)

Question 12

viral, entirely dependent on HBV for its infectivity, rare in North America, seen primarily in IV drug users Must have HBV to aquire

Answer 12

—Hep D (HDV)

Question 13

viral, caused by fecally infected waters May be seen in liver transplantation

Answer 13

—Hep E (HEV)

Question 14

viral, newly discovered, first described in 1996, caused by blood transfusion

Answer 14

—Hep (HGV)

Question 15

—Chills
—Dark urine
—Elevated liver function tests
—Fatigue
—Fever
—Hepatosplenomegaly
—Jaundice
—Nausea
—Vomiting

Answer 15

Clinical findings of Hepatitis

Question 16

—Normal liver
—Enlarged, hypoechoic liver
—Periportal cuffing with “starry sky”
—Gallbladder wall thickening

Answer 16

Sonographic findings of hepatitis

Question 17

—Diffuse process characterized by fibrosis and conversion of normal liver parenchyma into structurally abnormal nodules
—Generalized involvement of the liver by parenchymal necrosis, regeneration, and diffuse fibrosis
—Scarring is progressive and irreversible leading to liver cell failure and portal hypertension

Answer 17

Cirrhosis

Question 18

—A leading cause of death in the US
—Most common causeof micronodular cirrhosis is Alcohol Abuse. (.1-1.0 cm)
—Most common cause of macronodular (1.0-5.0 cm) cirrhosis is Viral Hepatitis.
—Other causes of cirrhosis include drug abuse,obesity,chronic bile retention, cardiac insuffiency,and some medications

Answer 18

Cirrhosis-Continued

Question 19

—Ascites
—Diarrhea
—Elevated liver function tests
—Fatigue
—Hepatomegaly(initial)
—Jaundice
—Splenomegaly
—Weight loss

Answer 19

Clinical findings of cirrhosis

Question 20

—Hepatomegaly( initially)
—Shrunken right lobe of the liver
—Enlarged caudate and left lobe
—Nodular surface irregularity
—Coarse echotexture
—Splenomegaly
—Ascites
—Monophasic flow within the hepatic veins
—Hepatofugal flow within the portal veins

Answer 20

Sonographic findings of Cirrhosis

Question 21

—> 90% due to cirrhosis
—Can also be due to obstruction of the portal,hepatic veins, and/or IVC, or longstanding CHF
—Contributes to the formation of ascites,splenomegaly and GI bleeding
—Varices and collateral venous channels
—Caput medusal sign- collateral vessels on the abdominal wall

Answer 21

Portal Hypertension

Question 22

—Portal vein may enlarge (>13mm)
—Flow becomes less phasic and reverses (hepatofugal) as disease progresses
—If red is the top color on the color scale, this means blood flow is toward the probe, toward the liver. The normal color than for the PV is red. So look for the color bar on the image.

Answer 22

Portal Hypertension-Continued

Question 23

—Echogenic thrombus within the portal vein
—Cavernous transformation of the portal veins will appear as wormlike or serpiginous vessels within the region of the portal vein

Answer 23

Sonographic findings of Portal Vein Thrombosis

Question 24

—Obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow
—Etiologies include hypercoaguable states,oral contraceptives,collagen vascular diseases,hepatic tumors
—Portal vein thrombosis has been reported in approx 20%

Answer 24

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Question 25

—Ascites —Elevated liver function test —Hepatomegaly —Splenomegaly —Upper abdominal pain

Answer 25

Clinical findings of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Question 26

—Nonvisualization or reduced visualization of the hepatic veins —Thrombus within the hepatic veins —Enlarged caudate lobe —Lack of flow within the hepatic veins with color Doppler —Narrowing of the inferior vena cava

Answer 26

Sonographic findings of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Question 27

—Must differentiate between intrahepatic or extrahepatic —Extrahepatic-anterior displacement of the RK. Anteromedial shift of the IVC. Discontinuity of the liver capsule, —Intrahepatic-Posterior displacement of the IVC. Displacement of the hepatic vascular radicles. External bulging of the liver capsule

Answer 27

Focal Abnormalities

Question 28

—Hepatic cysts —Hydatid Liver cyst —Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess —Amebic Hepatic Abscess —Hepatic Candidiasis —Hepatocellular Adenoma —Hepatic Hematoma —Cavernous Hemangioma —Focal Nodular Hyperplasia —Hepatic Lipoma

Answer 28

Focal Liver Disease

Question 29

—Congenital,traumatic,parasitic, or inflammatory in origin —Well defined borders,anechoic,good posterior acoustic enhancement —Symptoms-generally asymptomatic, may have epigastric pain —Rt lobe more often affected —Women more effected than men

Answer 29

Hepatic cysts

Question 30

—Asymptomatic —Normal liver function tests —Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 30

Clinical findings of Hepatic Cysts

Question 31

—Anechoic mass or masses with smooth walls and posterior acoustic enhancement —May have irregular shapes —Clusters of cysts may be noted

Answer 31

Sonographic findings of Hepatic Cysts

Question 32

—Results when bacteria enters the liver from the biliary tree,portal vein or hepatic artery —Pyo(pus filled) —Most common source is E Coli, but often the etiology is unknown —Symptoms- fever,pain,n/v,diarrhea,and pleuritic pain —100% mortality if left untreated —Appears as round or oval mass,irregular walls,internal echoes

Answer 32

Infection Pyogenic Abscess

Question 33

—Fever —Hepatomegaly —Leukocytosis —Possible abnormal liver function tests —Right upper quadrant pain

Answer 33

Clinical findings of a pyogenic hepatic abscess

Question 34

—Complex cyst with thick walls —Mass may contain debris,septations, and/or gas —The air within the abscess may produce dirty shadowing or ring-down artifact —Results from a spread of infection from an inflammatory condition such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, endocarditis, .. Bacteria enters the liver through the PV, HA, or from a surgery

Answer 34

Sonographic findings of a pyogenic abscess

Question 35

—Most often associated with AIDS, but also affects bone marrow and organ transplant patients —Appears as diffuse micro-echogenic foci without shadowing to macro-echogenic clusters of dense calcifications

Answer 35

Pneumocystis Carinii

Question 36

—Amebic abscess —Parasites reach the liver via the portal vein —Amebiasis is contracted by eating contaminated food or water —The organism often will remain confined to the GI tract and patient is asymptomatic, those who are symptomatic will present with diarrhea, and abd pain, increased WBC’s —Appears as round or oval mass with internal echoes —Echinococcal cyst —Parasite is found in areas of the world where dogs assist in cattle and sheep herding —Daughter cysts develop within a parent cyst

Answer 36

Parasitic Disease

Question 37

—Recent travel out of the country —This infection is caused by the protozoa E histolytica, which ascends the portal venous system —Hepatomegaly —Right upper quadrant or general abdominal pain —General malaise —Diarrhea (possibly bloody) —Fever —Leukocytosis —Elevated liver function tests —Mild anemia

Answer 37

Clinical findings of an Amebic Hepatic Abscess

Question 38

—Round, hypoechoic or anechoic mass or massed —May contain debris —Acoustic enhancement

Answer 38

Sonographic findings of amebic hepatic abscess

Question 39

—Leukocytosis —Low-grade fever —Nausea —Obstructive jaundice —Right upper quadrant tenderness —Sheep herding countries

Answer 39

Clinical findings of Hydatid Liver cyst

Question 40

—Anechoic mass containing some debris(hydatid sand) —“Water lily” sign-wall of the endocyst seen floating within the pericyst —“Mother” cyst containing one or more smaller “daughter” cyst —Mass may contain some elements of dense calcification

Answer 40

Sonographic findings of hydatid liver cysts

Question 41

—Infantile hemangioendothelioma —Most frequently see symptomatic vascular tumor of the liver in infants —Most common in females —Symptoms, abdominal mass and high cardiac output due to av shunting throughout the tumor —Appears as hyperechoic,hypoechoic or complex mass AV shunting may contribute to large draining veins and dialated prox aorta

Answer 41

Tumors-Benign- Pediatric

Question 42

—Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) —Second most common benign tumor seen in women \< 40 years old —Asymptomatic —Appears as a subtle liver mass usually —Has a well developed central and peripheral blood vessels coursing through seen with Color Doppler

Answer 42

Tumors-Benign- Adult

Question 43

—Liver cell adenoma —More frequently seen in women taking oral contraceptives —Symptoms are palpable mass, severe RUQ pain due to rupture of the mass —Appearance is variable ranging from hypoechoic to hyperechoic. Solitary, well defined margins. Range in size to 15 cm —Surgical resection recommended since these may become malignant

Answer 43

Tumors-Benign

Question 44

—Lipomas —Rare,comprised of mesenchymal elements —All fatty liver tumors are not lipomas and differentials include angiomyolipoma and hepatoma. Confirmation is made by CT

Answer 44

Tumors-Benign

Question 45

—Hepatoblastoma —Most common malignant tumor of childhood —High incidence with children who have Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Answer 45

Tumors-Malignant-Pediatric

Question 46

—Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC —Related to cirrhosis, hepatocarcinogens in food, and hepatitis B and C —Symtoms – unexplained mild fever and weight loss, hepatomegaly —Appearance varies from solitary mass to diffuse infiltration or multiple tumors —Invades portal venous system and hepatic veins

Answer 46

Tumors-Malignant-Adult

Question 47

—Elevated alpha-fetoprotein —Abnormal liver function tests —Cirrhosis —Chronic hepatitis —Unexplained weight loss —Hepatomegaly —Fever —Palpable mass —Ascites

Answer 47

Clinical findings of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Question 48

—Solitary, small hypoechoic mass —Heterogenous masses scatered throughout the liver —Mass with a hypoechoic halo

Answer 48

Sonographic findings of Hepatocelluar Carcinoma

Question 49

—Primary source is from colon,lung and breast —Spread to the liver via the portal vein,hepatic artery and lymphatics —Appears as one of four patterns discrete echogenic, target or bullseye,discrete hypoechoic, cystic or diffusely inhomogenous

Answer 49

Metastasis

Question 50

—GI tract and pancreas tend to be calcified tumors —Hypoechoic masses may be from the breast, lung, or lymphoma —Hyperechoic masses may be from the kidney and pancreas —“Target” or “bulls-eye” lesion may be from lung or colon

Answer 50

Sonographic findings of Hepatic Metastasis

Question 51

—Ultrasound is used for pre and post-op evaluation —Pre-op, main focus is to evaluate portal vein size and patency. Patency of hepatic veins and hepatic artery —Most common post op complication is hepatic artery thrombosis and infection

Answer 51

Liver Transplants