Test questions

Question 1

Which type of bond if predominant in a water molecule

Answer 1

covalent

Question 2

Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except:
they are solid at room temperature

they are usually obtained from animal sources
they tend to dissolve in water easily
they have single bonds within the carbon chain

Answer 2

Tend to dissolve in water easily
Saturated fats are more solid and unsaturated fats are more liquid

Question 3

Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes?

Answer 3

Archea and bacteria
Prokaryotes are single cell nuclei
Eukaryotes are nucleus bond and apart of eukarya

Question 4

What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent that it is often call the “ Universal Solvent”

Answer 4

Polarity and Cohesion

Question 5

A water molecule is a ____________ molecule, which has one oxygen that has a ______________ charge and two hydrogens that have a ___________ charge.

Answer 5

Polar
Negative
Positive

Question 6

Ca(2) ion differs from a Ca(0) ion because a Ca(2) ion has

Answer 6

more protons

Question 7

Which of the following are NOT true polymers?
carbohydrates
lipids
protein
nucleic acids

Answer 7

Lipids
Lipidsare not true polymers because they do nto have a monomer unit

Question 8

In each of the three systems, determine the state of entropy (low or high) when comparing the first and second: i. the instant that a perfume bottle is sprayed compared with 30 seconds later, ii. an old 1950s car compared with a brand new car, and iii. a living cell compared with a dead cell.

Answer 8

i. low, ii. high, iii. low
Entropy: the measure of the number of possible microscopic arrangements or states of individual atoms and molecules of a system that comply with the macroscopic condition of the system.

Question 9

A severe fever can result in death if not brought under control because

Answer 9

it may alter the tertiary structure of cellular enzymes.
ph,temp, and ligand bonding can effect the structure (ligand: a molecule that can bind to a receptor)

Question 10

A mutation that results in a single amino acid substitution in the active site of an enzyme

Answer 10

may alter the ability of an allosteric regulator to alter enzyme activity.
Allostericregulator: any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule (an activator or inhibitor) binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site.
So if a mutation were to affect the active site in any way it would also affect the allosteric regulator to accomodate for something else. This would untilamtley effect the enzyme activity

Question 11

Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, which results in the production of ADP and inorganic phosphate. What is commonly the ultimate fate of inorganic phosphate produced in the cytosol?

Answer 11

It is combined with ADP to regenerate ATP.
Hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. ONce ATP is broken down and energy is released, phosphate is sent to and bonded with ADP which ends the cycle by regenrating ATP

Question 12

Some of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV means that the virus rapidly acquires mutations with amino acid changes that make them resistant to these competitive inhibitors. Where in the reverse transcriptase enzyme would such amino acid changes most likely occur in drug-resistant viruses?

Answer 12

in or near the active site

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

having a nucleus
the complexity of the cell.
the age of the cell.
the size of the cell.

Answer 13

the size of the cell.

Question 14

In animal cells, glycolysis occurs in the

Answer 14

inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 15

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes a redox reaction that occurs in photosynthesis?

Answer 15

CO2 is reduced to form glucose.
Reduction means something is added
Oxidized means something is added
CO2 adds a hydrogen which makes glucose

Question 16

In mitochondria, the electron transport chain pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, the electron transport chain pumps protons from

Answer 16

the stroma to the thylakoid space.
Calvin cycle occurs in stroma and Electron transport occurs in the ETC

Question 17

A mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. How will this mutation affect these yeast cells?

Answer 17

The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically.

Question 18

Cells from advanced malignant tumors frequently have very abnormal chromosomes as well as an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities?

Answer 18

Cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities.

Question 19

If a sexually reproducing organism has a diploid number of 36, how many individual chromosomes would any of its gametes have?

Answer 19

18 chromosomes

Question 20

Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest?

Answer 20

that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait

Question 21

Given the following cross between parents of the genotypes AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?

Answer 21

3/4

Question 22

What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?

Answer 22

The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.

Question 23

What molecules must be present In order for a molecule to be considered organic

Answer 23

Hydrogen and oxygen

Question 24

Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

Answer 24

Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

Question 25

Why does photorespiration decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis?

Answer 25

diverting energy and carbon away from the production of glucose.

Question 26

What are the main components of a phospholipid?

Answer 26

A polar head group, two fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone

Question 27

The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct?

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, approximately how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

Answer 28

14

Question 29

The energy released from the anaerobic respiration of a
glucose molecule is less than that released from the aerobic
respiration of a glucose molecule because

Answer 29

fewer bonds of the glucose molecule are broken in
anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration

Question 30

A mutation that results in a single amino acid substitution in the active site of an enzyme

Answer 30

may change the substrate specificity of the enzyme.

Question 31

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 31

hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond

Question 32

Select the reaction of photosynthesis that is most closely
associated with the reaction in which carbon dioxide from
the air combines with hydrogen atoms

Answer 32

Both Light-dependent and Carbon-fixation reactions

Question 33

Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and can therefore be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team introduced labeled T nucleotides into the culture of dividing human cells at specific times.

The research team used the setup to study the incorporation of labeled nucleotides into a culture of lymphocytes and found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher level after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. They concluded that

Answer 33

infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.

Question 34

The early study of cells by Schleiden and Schwann
contributed to the formation of the cell theory.
What is
the most probable reason that these early biologists never
viewed the cell organelles known as ribosomes?

Answer 34

Ribosomes are too small to be seen with early
microscopes.

Question 35

Which of the following is an exergonic reaction?
formation of a peptide bond

synthesis of ATP from ADP and ℗i
a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide
hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose monomers

Answer 35

hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose monomers

Question 36

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits tha

Answer 36

males are hemizygous for the X chromosome.

Question 37

The diagram represents the nucleus in a zygote of a
particular species. How many chromosomes are normally
found in an egg cell produced by this species?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

What does a surfactant do to water surface tension?

Answer 38

Disrupts covalent bonds within a water molecule

Question 39

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

Answer 39

1/2

Question 40

In meiotic cell division, the production of normal monoploid
cells requires the separation of

Answer 40

homologous pairs of chromosomes

Question 41

The following passage describes a fungus in a forest ecosystem.
Phlebia tremellosa is a fungus that decomposes organic matter by secreting enzymes into its surroundings. These enzymes break down large biological molecules into smaller molecules that the fungus can absorb. The fungus then uses these small molecules to build its own larger molecules inside its cells. All of these chemical processes release heat into the environment.
Living organisms, such as the fungus described above, are highly ordered systems that may appear to contradict the second law of thermodynamics. However, organisms don’t actually violate this law.
Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the processes carried out by the fungus are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 41

The total amount of entropy in the universe increases when heat is released from the fungus into the environment.

Question 42

If cell X enters meiosis, and nondisjunction of one chromosome occurs in one of its daughter cells during meiosis II, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis?