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Biology > Unit 1 biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different levels of biological organization?

A

Atoms-molecules-cell organelles- cell inclusions- tissue- organs- organ system

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2
Q

Define atoms

A

smallest unit of life and retains properties of an element

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3
Q

Define molecules

A

formed from atoms, form in chemical bonds

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4
Q

Define Macromolecules

A

large molecules that form organelles

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5
Q

Define organelles

A

exist within cells and help cells function ex: mitochondria or nucleus

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6
Q

Define cells

A

smallest unit of life, some are prokaryote (no nuclei) and some are eukaryote (membrane bound nuclei)

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7
Q

Define tissue

A

groups of similar cells that have same function

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8
Q

Define organ

A

group of similar tissue that have same function

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9
Q

Define organ system

A

Same functioning organ

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10
Q

Can you summarize the steps of the scientific method?

A

Make an observation
Ask a question
Form a hypothesis that answers question
Make prediction based on hypothesis
Do an experiment to test hypothesis
Analyze results

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11
Q

What if the results of the experiment do not support the hypothesis

A

If the hypothesis is supported report results of not supported go back and change hypothesis

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12
Q

What is inductive reasoning

A

form of logical thinking that uses observations

Descriptive science is an example of inductive reasoning

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13
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses general principle or law to predict specific results

Hypothesis- based science is an example of deductive reasoning

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14
Q

What are the different variables in an experiment? Can you identify them?

A

Variable is any part of the experiment that can vary or change
Control group contains every feature of the experimental group but cannot be changed

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15
Q

Define Biology

A

Study of life

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16
Q

Define science

A

Knowledge that covers general truths or laws when tested by Scientific Hypothesis

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17
Q

Define scientific method

A

Method of research with defined steps

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18
Q

Define hypothesis

A

suggested explanation what someone can test

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19
Q

Define theory

A

a tested and confirmed explanation

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20
Q

What are a few different types of sciences

A

Life science, physical science, hard science, social science

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21
Q

Define descriptive science

A

aims to observe and is usually inductive

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22
Q

Define hypothesis-based science

A

begins with a possible question and is deductive

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23
Q

Define prediction

A

An ¨if…then¨ statement

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24
Q

Define falsifiable

A

Experiment results can disapprove it

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25
Q

Define basic science

A

seeks to expand knowledge

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26
Q

Define applied science

A

aims to use science to solve real-world problems

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27
Q

Define serendipity

A

Scientific findings come from a lucky guess or accident

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28
Q

Define peer-review manuscripts

A

Scientific paper reviewed by fellow scientists

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29
Q

What are the contents of a peer-review manuscript

A

abstract(summary), introduction, materials/methods, results, discussion, conclusion

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30
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Relatively stable internal environment required to maintain life

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31
Q

Can you differentiate between elements, isotopes, ions, molecules and compounds?

A

Elements have specific chemical reactivity (ability to bond with each other)

Isotopes are different forms of the element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons

Ions are elements with a net charge due to losing or gaining an electron

Molecules are formed from atoms

Compound: they contain atoms of more than one type of element ex Glucose (C6H12O6)

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32
Q

What are differences among the various types of chemical bonds, namely non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen?

A

Covalent bonds are stronger bonds than molecular bonds

Polar covalent bonds show unequal share of electrons between elements

Non polar bonds are sharing of electrons equally between elements

Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions

Cations lose an electron so they are positive

Anions are negative so they gain an electron

Hydrogen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen and are weak

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33
Q

How do the properties of water impact the characteristics of life?

A

Cohesion: water molecules are attracted to each other keeping together at interface
Allows for transport of water and nutrients against gravity in plants

Adhesion: Clinging of a molecule to a different molecule
Allows water to cling to cell walls to resist gravity in plants

Capillary action: upward movement of water due to cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
Important for transfer of nutrients and water in plants

High specific heat: amount of heat one substance must absorb or loose to change temperature by one degree
Moderates air temperature, large bodies of water can absorb heat in day and release in night
Stabilizes ocean temperature, Benefits marine life, organisms can resist change in internal temperature

Heat of vaporization: (same as specific heat)
Prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating, prevents leaves from becoming to warm in the sun

Floating ice: As water solidifies it becomes less dense, due to hydrogen bonds breaking
Ice floats on water which allows marine life to live under floating ice

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34
Q

What is the concept of pH and how do buffers work to maintain a constant pH?

A

Hydrogen spontaneously forms in water and causes H3O+. High levels of hydrogen causes low pH, whereas low levels cause high pH

Acid is high increasing hydrogen ion concentration by having hydrogen associate

Base provides either hydrogen ion or negatively charged ions, which reduces concentration

Buffers absorb excess H+and OH- keeping body maintained

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35
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

interact easily with water

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36
Q

Define Hydrophobic

A

Does not interact easily with water

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37
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

amount of heat one gram of substance must absorb or loose to change temp. By one degree celsius

38
Q

Define heat vaporization

A

amount of energy required to change one gram of liquid to gas

39
Q

Define evaporation

A

Molecules that escape Hydrogen bonds

40
Q

Define solvents

A

substances capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds

41
Q

Define sphere of Hydrogen

A

During dissolving, when ionic compounds form with other hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Define Dissociation

A

groups of atoms break off from molecules to form ions

43
Q

Define cohesion

A

water molecules are attached to each other keeping together at interface even if there is no room

44
Q

Define Surface tension

A

capacity of substance to withstand rapturing when placed under tension

45
Q

Define adhesion

A

attraction between other water and any molecules

46
Q

Define capillary action

A

water climbs up walls due to attraction to capillary charged walls

47
Q

Define litmus

A

pH paper to indicate pH

48
Q

Define Acid

A

high increasing hydrogen ion by having hydrogen associate

49
Q

Define Base

A

provides either hydrogen ions or negatively

50
Q

Define pH scale

A

inverse logarithm that ranges from 0-14 below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline (basic)

51
Q

Define buffers

A

readily absorb excess H+ and OH- keeping body maintained

52
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds: any carbon- containing liquid, solid, gas, that the fundamental component of carbon
Hydrogencarbon: consisting of hydrogen and carbon

Inorganic compounds: are any compounds made up of two or more elements except carbon

53
Q

Why does carbon play a central role in the formation of large, diverse biological molecules?

A

Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds. These bonds create chains which create different elements

54
Q

How are polymers assembled and disassembled?

A

Polymers are formed from a process called polymerization, which is when monomers are bonded together to make polymers.

Polymerization breaks water out of molecules so it is also called dehydration synthesis

Polymers are broken back down into monomers by Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis: Adding of water back into large molecule

55
Q

Define Organic molecules

A

(any carbon- containing liquid, solid, gas) that are especially important for life. Fundamental component for all of these is carbon

56
Q

Define Hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

57
Q

Define aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

consist of linear chains of carbon atoms, sometimes forming rings with all single bonds.

58
Q

Define structural isomers

A

differ in the placement of their covalent bonds: both molecules have four carbons and ten hydrogens, but different atom arrangement within molecule leads to differences in their chemical properties

59
Q

Define isomers

A

molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the place of their atoms

60
Q

Define Geometric isomers

A

alternatively have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms, especially in carbon-carbon double bonds

61
Q

Define functional groups

A

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules.

62
Q

Define substituted hydrocarbons

A

Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone

63
Q

Define biological macromolecules

A

large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules

64
Q

Define polymers

A

monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules

65
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

carry cells genetic blueprint and carry instructions for functioning

66
Q

Define deoxyribonucleic, ribonucleic

A

2 types of Nucleic acids

67
Q

Define RNA (mRNA)

A

DNA never leaves nucleus but instead communicates using intermediary mRNA

68
Q

Nucleotides

A

What DNA are RNA are comprised of

69
Q

Define polynucleotide

A

comprised nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group are are made of nucleotides

70
Q

Define purines

A

2 rings, A and G

71
Q

Define pyrimidines

A

3 rings, C, T, U

72
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Helps translates messages to mRNA

73
Q

Transfer RNA

A

carries correct amino acid

74
Q

Transcription

A

DNA dictates structure of mRNA

75
Q

Define translation

A

dictates protein structures

76
Q

Define Carbohydrates

A

Formula (CH2O)n where n is number of carbons

77
Q

Define monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, most common is glucose

78
Q

Define disaccharides

A

occur when 2 mono. Goes through dehydration

79
Q

Define Glycosidic

A

When one hydroxyl from mono. combines w/ one hydro from mono. and water is released

80
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

Chain between monosaccharides

81
Q

Define glycogen

A

storage form of glucose

82
Q

Define cellulose

A

most abundant biopolymer

83
Q

Define lipids

A

diverse group of compounds because of hydrocarbons that are mostly non-polar carbon-carbon or hydro-carbon

84
Q

Define Tricylglycerols/ triglycerides

A

Fatty acids attach to glycerol 3 carbons with ester bond through oxygen

85
Q

Define unsaturated fats

A

double bonded carbons, oils

86
Q

Define trans fat

A

If hydrogen is in different planes

87
Q

Define omega-3

A

double bond connects 3 carbon from hydrocarbon ends carbon

88
Q

Define wax

A

covers different substances like feathers and leaves

89
Q

Define phospholipids

A

plasma membrane constituents that comprise cells’ outermost layer.

90
Q

Define steriod

A

fused ring structure, not like chain

Biology (6 decks)

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