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Respiration and Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Cells harvest chemical energy stored in organic molecules and use it to generate ATP

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2
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula

A

organic molecules + oxygen -> water, carbon dioxide, energy

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3
Q

What is the formula for catabolic breakdown of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O +energy

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4
Q

What is oxidized in the breakdown of glucose

A

Glucose - Carbon dioxide
C6H12O6- 6CO2

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5
Q

What is reduced in the breakdown of glucose

A

Oxygen -> water
6O2 -> 6H2O

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6
Q

What does the oxidation of glucose do

A

It transfers e- to a lower energy state, releasing energy to be used in ATP synthesis

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7
Q

During cellular respiration what is the path the electrons will follow

A

Most electrons will follow a “downhill” exergonic pathway
glucose -> NADH -> ETC -> oxygen

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8
Q

What is an energy harvest

A

Glucose is broken foe in steps to harvest energy.
Electrons are taken from glucose at different steps

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9
Q

What does the election travel with during energy harvest

A

Electrons travel with a proton (H+)

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10
Q

How many protons and electrons does dehydrogenases take from glucose

A

2 electrons
2 protons

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11
Q

What is dehydrogenase

A

an oxidizing agent for glucose

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12
Q

How is NAD reduced to NAHD

A

the energy harvest transfers 2e and 1 proton to coenzyme NAD to reduce to NADH

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13
Q

Where is the other proton sent during energy harvest

A

the other proton is released into surrounding solution as H+

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14
Q

How are electrons (e-) transferred to the electron transport chain

A

NADH carries e- to electron transport chain

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15
Q

What is the electron transport chain

A

A sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions

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16
Q

What is released from the electron transport chain

A

it releases energy used to make ATP

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17
Q

What does the electron transport chain transfer

A

ETC transfers e- to oxygen to make water and it releases energy

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18
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Citric cycle
Oxidative phosphorlylation (ETC and chemisoisis)

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19
Q

What is glycolysis

A

starting point of cellular respiration
splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C)

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20
Q

Where does glucose occur

A

Cytosol

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21
Q

what is the 1st stage of glycolysis

A

Energy investment stage: the cell uses ATP to phsophorylate compounds of glucose

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22
Q

what is the 2nd stage of glycolysis

A

Energy payoff stage: energy is produced by substrate level phosphorylation

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23
Q

What is the energy investment of glycolysis

A

2 ATP -> 2 ADP+P

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24
Q

What is the energy payoff of glycolysis

A

4 ADP+P -> 4 ATP

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25
Q

How must citric acid cycle start

A

If oxygen is present, the pyruvate enters the mitochondria

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26
Q

What is pyruvate oxidized into

A

Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

what is Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl is used to make citrate in the citric acid cycle

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28
Q

what is produced from the pyruvate oxidation

A

2 CO2 and 2 NADH

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29
Q

What is the citric acid cycle also known as

A

Krebs cycle

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30
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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31
Q

What is produced from the citric acid cycle

A

Turns Acetyl CoA into citrate
releases CO2
ATP Synthesized
Electrons transferred to NADH and FADH2

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32
Q

What is the output from Citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
4 CO2
2 FADH2

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33
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation consist of:

A

Electron transport chain
Chemisomosis

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34
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located

A

The electron transport chain located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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35
Q

What is the electron transport chain

A

Collection of proteins
As electrons “fall” proteins alternate between reduced (accepts e-) and oxidized (donate e-) state

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36
Q

What is the cristae

A

The cristae increases the surface area for reactions to occure during ETC

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37
Q

Does the electron transport chain produce ATP

A

No
It helps manage the release of energy by creating several small steps for “fall” of electrons

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38
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen
Each pairs with 2H+ and 2e- to form H2O

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39
Q

What is the major function of the ETC

A

ONe major functiopn is to cerate a proton (H+) gradient across the membrane

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40
Q

How does the gradient in the ETC work

A

As protein shuttles electrons along the ETC, they also pump H+ into the intermembrane space
It uses exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2

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41
Q

What does the gradient from the ETC power

A

This gradient will power chemisomosis
Uses hydrogen ions to power cellular work

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42
Q

What is ATP synthase

A

The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP+P

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43
Q

What energy does ATP synthase use

A

Uses energy from the H+ gradient across the membrane

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44
Q

Where does the H+ ions flow during chemisomisis

A

H+ ions flow down their gradient through ATP synthase

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45
Q

What does ATP synthase act as

A

Rotor
When H+ binds the rotor spins
Activates catalytic sites to turn ADP+P into ATP

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46
Q

How much ATP is made during ATP synthase

A

26-28 ATP per glucose

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47
Q

What was the input for oxidative phosphorylation

A

10 NADH and 2 FADH2

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48
Q

What was the output for oxidative phsorphorylation

A

26-28 ATP

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49
Q

What are two ways organisms produce ATP in the absensce of oxygen

A

Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation

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50
Q

What is anareobic respriration

A

generates ATP using an ETC in the absense

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51
Q

How does anaerobic respiration work

A

Takes place in prokaryotic organisms that live in environments with no oxygen

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52
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

A

sulfates or nitrates

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53
Q

What is fermentation

A

Generates ATP without an ETC
Extension of glycolysis

54
Q

Where does fermentation occur

A

Cytosol

55
Q

What is recycled in fermentation

A

NAD+

56
Q

What are two types of fermentation

A

Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

57
Q

What is alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted into ethanol

58
Q

What are some examples of alcohol fermentation

A

Examples: yeast and bacteria

59
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation

A

2 pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate

60
Q

What are examples of lactic acid fermentation

A

Muscle cells
When muscle cells run out of oxygen, they can go through lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP

61
Q

What is the breakdown of lactate

A

Muscles produce lactate, which goes into the blood and is broken down back to glucose in the liver
When lactate is in the blood, it lowers pH
If lactate builds up and is unable to be broken down ir can lead to lactic acidosis
Excessively low pH

62
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy to chemical energy

63
Q

What are autotrophs

A

organisms that produce their own food (organic molecules) from simple substances in their surroundings

64
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

organisms unable to make their own food so they live off of other organisms

65
Q

Where did photosynthesis first evolve from

A

Photosynthesis first evolved from prokaryotic organisms
Prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic photosynthesis

66
Q

What is cyanobacteria

A

early prokaryotes capable of photosynthesis
Oxygenated atmosphere during early earth

67
Q

What is the primary location for photosynthesis

A

leaves

68
Q

What is the chloroplast

A

organelle for the location of photosynthesis

69
Q

Where is the chloroplast found

A

Found in the mesophyll, the cells that make up the interior tissue of the leaf

70
Q

What is the stomata

A

Pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out

71
Q

What is the chloroplast surrounded by

A

Double membrane

72
Q

What re the structures of the chloroplast and define them

A

Stroma: aqueous
Thylakoids: form stacts known as grana
Chlorophyll: green pigment in thylakoid membranes

73
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 +6H2O + light energy –> C6H12O6 +6O2

74
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis

A

6O2 and 12 H2O

75
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis

A

C6H12O6, 6H2O, 6O2

76
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis

A

Light reaction (photo) and calvin cycle (synthesis)

77
Q

What is light

A

electromegnetic energy
Travels in waves

78
Q

What is light made up of

A

particles of energy called protons

79
Q

What is a wavelength

A

Distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next

80
Q

What is the range of electrons

A

The entire range is known as the electromagnetic spectrum
380-750 is visible

81
Q

What level of energy is in short wave lengths vs. long wavelengths

A

High energy and low energy

82
Q

When light interacts with matter is can be….

A

Reflected, transmitted, absorbed

83
Q

What is able to absorb visible light

A

Pigments

84
Q

What type of color is what we are able to see

A

reflected
Example: leaves are green because chlorophyll absorbs violet-blue and red light, so it reflects green

85
Q

What is chlorophyll a

A

Primary pigment
Involved in light reactions
Blue/Green pigment

86
Q

What is chlorophyll b

A

Accessory pigment
Yellow/Green pigment

87
Q

What are caretenoids

A

Broaden the spectrum of colors that drive photosynthesis
Yellow/Orange pigment

88
Q

What is photoprotection

A

caretenoids absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that could damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen

89
Q

What is the light reactions

A

converts solar energy to chemical energy

90
Q

Where does light reactions occur

A

Thylakoid membrane

91
Q

What forms are the chemical energy from light reactions in

A

NADPH and ATP

92
Q

Why is light important to a chlorophyll

A

The chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light
e- is boosted from a ground state to an excited state
e- is unstable
falls back to ground state
releases energy as heat
emits photons as fluorescent

93
Q

What are photosystems

A

Reaction center and light capturing complexes

94
Q

What is the reaction center

A

complex of proteins associated with the chlorophyll and a electron acceptor

95
Q

What are light capturing complexes

A

pigments associated with proteins
Antenna for the reaction centers

96
Q

What are the two photosystems found in the thylakoid membrane and define them

A

Photosystem 2: reaction center P680
Photosystem 1: reaction center P700

97
Q

How is ATP generated

A

“Fall” of electrons from PS2-PS1 provides energy to form ATP

98
Q

What is a form of potential energy

A

H+ Gradient

99
Q

What is the input for light reaction

A

H2O, ADP, NADP+

100
Q

What is the output for light reactions

A

O2, ATP, NADPH

101
Q

What is role of the water being split

A

Provides a source of electrons and protons (H+)
Releases O2 as a by-product

102
Q

What is the role of the light that was absorbed

A

Light absorbed by the chlorophyll drives the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from H2O to an electron acceptor called NADP+

103
Q

What is NADP+ reduced to in light reactions

A

NADPH

104
Q

How is ATP generated in light reactions

A

Generates ATP by phosphorylation ADP

105
Q

What is the calvin cycle

A

Cyclic electron flow

106
Q

What does the calvin cycle use

A

It uses ATP and NADH to reduce CO2 to sugar

107
Q

What are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of RuBP

108
Q

Define phase 1 of the calvin cycle: Carbon fixation

A

CO2 is incorporated into the calvin cycle one at a time
Each CO2 is attached to a molecule of RuBP

109
Q

What does the RuBP form once bonded with CO2

A

3-phosphoglycerate

110
Q

Define phase 2 of the calvin cycle: Reduction

A

Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP (6)
It becomes 3-biphosphogycerate

111
Q

What does 3-biphosphoglycerate

A

reduced G3P
6 molecules of G3P are formed but 5 are used to regenerate RuBP

112
Q

Define the 3rd phase of the calvin cycle: Regeneration of RuBP

A

5 molecules of G3P are used to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP

113
Q

How much ATP is used during the 3rd phase of the calvin cycle

A

3 ATP

114
Q

What was the input of the calvin cycle

A

3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6NADPH

115
Q

What was the output of the calvin cycle

A

1 G3P, 9ADP, 6NADP+

116
Q

What are the main problems with C3 plants

A

On very hot days, plants close their stomata to stop water loss
Causes less CO2 to be present, and more O2
RuBP binds with O2 and uses ATP
No process produces CO2, no sugar produced, bad for plant

117
Q

What are the adaptations C3 and C4 plants developed

A

Plants that live in hot, dry, climates have evolved to have alternate mechanisms of carbon fixation

118
Q

What are the special characteristics of the C4 plant

A

Spatial separation of steps
Stomata partially close to conserve water
Mesophyll cell fix CO2 into a 4-c molecule (releases CO2 to be used in calvin cycle)

119
Q

What are examples of C4 plants

A

Maize (corn), grasses, sugarcane

120
Q

What are the special characteristics for CAM plants

A

Open stomata at night and close during the day
CO2 is incorporated into organic acids and stored in vacuoles
During the day, light reactions occur and CO2 is released from the organic acids and incorporated into the calvin cycle

121
Q

What are examples of CAM plants

A

Pineapples, cacti, succulents, jade

122
Q

Why does photorespiration decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis

A

It reduces the amount of sugar present

123
Q

A flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask containing water with no algae are both placed under a bank of lights, which are set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. The dissolved oxygen concentrations in both flasks are monitored. Predict what the relative dissolved oxygen concentrations will be in the flask with algae compared to the control flask.

A

The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be higher in the light, but lower in the dark.

124
Q

Which statement most accurately describes the process of respiration

A

Releases CO2 and Oxygen
It occurs continuously in the cells of all organisms
and usually involves an exchange of gases

125
Q

Where are ATP synthase complexes located in a plant cell?

A

thylakoid membranes and inner mitochondrial membranes

126
Q

The NADPH required for the Calvin cycle is produced by which of the following metabolic reactions?

A

reactions initiated in photosystem 1

127
Q

Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be

A

to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts.

128
Q

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

A

glycolysis

129
Q

An inorganic molecule required by green plants for the
the
process of photosynthesis is

A

carbon dioxide

130
Q

The products of aerobic respiration in green plants are ATP and

A

carbon dioxide and water

131
Q

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, approximately how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

A

14

132
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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