Test Qs Flashcards
Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial criminal justice systems?
In the adversarial system (used in the U.S. and Canada), the prosecution and defence argue their cases before a judge or jury, with lawyers presenting evidence and questioning witnesses.
In the inquisitorial system (used in France and Germany), judges lead the investigation, gather evidence, and question witnesses to find the truth.
What is Crime Severity Index? Why it is important for measuring crime?
The Crime Severity Index (CSI) measures crime by weighing serious crimes more than minor ones. It helps show crime trends more accurately than just counting crimes. This is important for police and governments to focus on the most serious issues. It helps improve safety and crime prevention.
Describe the “Cinderella effect?”
The Cinderella effect is the idea that stepchildren are at a higher risk of mistreatment or neglect compared to biological children. It suggests that people invest more in their biological offspring to pass on their genes. Studies have found higher rates of abuse and harm toward stepchildren, though not all stepfamilies experience this.
What is epigenetics of criminal behaviour. Define term “epigenome”.
The epigenetics of criminal behaviour studies how life experiences, like trauma or stress, can change gene activity without altering DNA, potentially influencing aggression or crime.
The epigenome is a system of chemical tags on DNA that turn genes on or off, affecting how they function based on environmental factors.
Please describe the main goals of Panopticon.
The Panopticon, a prison that made inmates feel watched at all times, even if they weren’t. The goal was to control behaviour through fear of surveillance. The prison was also meant to be efficient, requiring fewer guards.
Who is a victim of crime? Provide a definition and a brief description.
A victim of crime is someone who suffers harm due to a criminal act, such as physical injury, emotional trauma, or financial loss. This can include individuals, families, or even communities. Victims may need support, legal protection, or compensation.
Why is the concept of victim precipitation controversial?
Victim precipitation means a victim’s actions might play a role in a crime happening to them. It is controversial because it can sound like blaming the victim instead of the offender. Some use it to study risk, but it can be misused to justify harm.
Describe adoption studies of criminal behaviour.
Adoption studies of criminal behavior compare adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents to see if genetics or environment influences crime. If adoptees resemble their biological parents in criminal behavior, it suggests a genetic link. If they resemble their adoptive parents, it shows the environment plays a bigger role.
Why Do We Need Theories?
We need theories to explain, predict, and understand events or behaviours. In criminology, they explain why crimes happen and how to prevent them. Without theories, we would only have random facts without meaning.
What is the crime funnel, and what are its main stages
The crime funnel shows how many crimes happen versus how many lead to punishment. It narrows at each stage, as many crimes go unreported, unsolved, or dismissed. The main stages are crime committed, reported to police, investigation and arrest, court process, and punishment or release.
Why is critical thinking very important when studying criminology?
Critical thinking helps students question ideas, analyze facts, and avoid bias. It helps understand crime and justice systems better. Without it, people might believe wrong information. It leads to fair and smart conclusions.
