Lecture 5 P.2 Flashcards
Define and describe scientific theory.
A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation of a phenomenon based on evidence and observations. It organizes knowledge, predicts future events, and can be tested or refined over time.
How criminological theories may influence social policy?
Criminological theories shape laws, policing strategies, and rehabilitation programs. For example, deterrence theory influences harsher sentencing laws, while rehabilitation theories support offender treatment programs.
How we can test theories?
Theories are tested through observations, experiments, and data analysis. In criminology, researchers use crime statistics, case studies, and surveys to evaluate theories.
Characterize Classical school of criminology.
The Classical School argues that crime is a result of free will and rational choice. It promotes punishment based on deterrence, believing people commit crimes when benefits outweigh risks.
Characterize Positivist school in criminology
The Positivist School believes crime is caused by biological, psychological, or social factors beyond an individual’s control. It emphasizes scientific study and rehabilitation rather than punishment.
Criticism of Positivist school in criminology.
Critics argue it ignores free will, focuses too much on biology, and justifies discrimination. Some say it oversimplifies crime by blaming factors outside of personal responsibility.
Rebirth of the Positivist School.
Modern criminology integrates Positivist ideas with sociology, psychology, and genetics to study crime scientifically. New methods, like neuroscience and behavioral studies, refine its theories.
Conflict (conflict theory) Versus Consensus (functionalism).
Conflict theory sees crime as a result of power struggles and inequality, arguing laws benefit the rich. Consensus (functionalism) views crime as a natural part of society, maintaining order by reinforcing norms.
Evolutional biology and criminological theory.
Evolutionary biology suggests some criminal behaviors may have developed due to survival advantages in the past. Traits like aggression or risk-taking could be linked to evolutionary pressures.
